Microalgae-Based Biodiesel Production and Its Challenges and Future Opportunities: A Review

Gaurav, Kumar; Neeti, Krishna; Singh, Reena

doi:10.1016/j.grets.2023.100060

Cited by 165Algal biology and biofuel productionBiodiesel Production and ApplicationsMicrobial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction

Microalgae-Based Biodiesel Production and Its Challenges and Future Opportunities: A Review

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Gaurav, Kumar, Neeti, Krishna, Singh, Reena·2024·Green Technologies and Sustainability

DOI 10.1016/j.grets.2023.100060

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Abstract

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves and rising greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions have necessitated research into low-cost renewable energy sources, with a focus on algal-derived biofuels. Biodiesel, a sustainable alternative fuel, can be derived from a variety of biological sources Microalgae-based biodiesel production offers an innovative method of generating renewable and sustainable energy. By utilizing advanced cultivation techniques, such as photobioreactors and open pond systems, microalgae can be grown efficiently and in large quantities. Furthermore, various methods, such as lipid extraction and transesterification, are employed to convert the lipid-rich microalgae biomass into biodiesel. However, to make microalgae-based biodiesel production more cost-effective and sustainable, several challenges need to be addressed, such as higher production costs, reduced productivity rates, and potential environmental impacts. Future opportunities lie in creating cost-effective and sustainable methods for cultivating and harvesting microalgae, improving lipid yields, and creating effective conversion methods. Overall, microalgae-based biodiesel production shows promise as a renewable and sustainable energy source. However, further research and development must take place to realize its full potential and reap its rewards.

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Both macroalgae and microalgae play critical roles in carbon capture, utilization, and storage.
“Despite their structural differences, both macroalgae and microalgae play critical roles in carbon capture, utilization, and storage, making them valuable components of sustainable environmental and bioenergy solutions.”
From Algal-Based Carbonaceous Materials for Environmental Remediation: Advances in Wastewater Treatment, Carbon Sequestration, and Biofuel Applications (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
Microalgae are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in freshwater, brackish water, and marine systems; they exhibit high photosynthetic efficiency and rapid reproduction, making them well-suited for large-scale biomass production.
“In contrast, microalgae are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in a wide range of aquatic environments, including freshwater, brackish water, and marine systems.These organisms exhibit high photosynthetic efficiency and rapid reproduction, making them well-suited for large-scale biomass production [20].”
From Algal-Based Carbonaceous Materials for Environmental Remediation: Advances in Wastewater Treatment, Carbon Sequestration, and Biofuel Applications (2025) · cites this paper as [20]

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Design of Closed Photobioreactors for Algal Cultivation
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Mechanical cell disruption of Parachlorella kessleri microalgae: Impact on lipid fraction composition
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Sustainable Agriculture in the Arabian/Persian Gulf Region Utilizing Marginal Water Resources: Making the Best of a Bad Situation
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Impact of microalgal cell wall biology on downstream processing and nutrient removal for fuels and value-added products
Jothibasu, K., Muniraj, I. K., Jayakumar, T., Ray, B., Dhar, D. W., Karthikeyan, S., & Rakesh, S. (2022) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2022.108642 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Introduction to the Freshwater Algae
Sheath, R. G., & Wehr, J. D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385876-4.00001-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Optimization of lutein production with a two-stage mixotrophic cultivation system with Chlorella sorokiniana MB-1
Chen, C., & Liu, C.-C. (2018) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.024 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Condition for Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Epigallocatechin Gallate in Lipid-Extracted Microalgae
Gam, D. H., Kim, S., & Kim, J. W. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25030454 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Comparison of different lipid extraction procedures applied to three microalgal species
Gorgich, M., Mata, T. M., Martins, A. A., Branco‐Vieira, M., & Caetano, N. S. (2020) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.011 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production
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Microalgae-Based Biorefinery for Utilization of Carbon Dioxide for Production of Valuable Bioproducts
Goswami, R. K., Agrawal, K., Mehariya, S., Molino, A., Musmarra, D., & Verma, P. (2020) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429317187-11 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Energy requirements for wet solvent extraction of lipids from microalgal biomass
Martin, G. J. O. (2016) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.017 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Optimization of membrane photobioreactor; the effect of hydraulic retention time on biomass production and nutrient removal by mixed microalgae culture
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Dual nutrient heterogeneity modes in a continuous flow photobioreactor for optimum nitrogen assimilation to produce microalgal biodiesel
Leong, W. H., Kiatkittipong, W., Lam, M. K., Khoo, K. S., Show, P. L., Mohamad, M., Chong, S., Abdurrahman, M. D., & Lim, J. W. (2021) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.117 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Using magnetic materials to harvest microalgal biomass: Evaluation of harvesting and detachment efficiency
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Effect of modified Soxhlet (Soxtec) and Folch extraction method selection on the total lipid determination of aged beef
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Key Issues in Microalgae Biofuels: A Short Review
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Bacterial pretreatment of microalgae and the potential of novel nature hydrolytic sources
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Recent advances and future prospects of electrochemical processes for microalgae harvesting
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Harvesting microalgae for health beneficial dietary supplements
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Cyanoremediation: A Green-Clean Tool for Decontamination of Synthetic Pesticides from Agro- and Aquatic Ecosystems
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Microalgal Cell Disruption and Lipid Extraction Techniques for Potential Biofuel Production
Karim, A., Islam, M. A., Khalid, Z. B., Faizal, C. K. M., Khan, M. M. R., & Yousuf, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817536-1.00009-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Using Algae for Biofuel Production: A Review
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Comparative review of biodiesel production and purification
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A Review of Biodiesel Cold Flow Properties and Its Improvement Methods: Towards Sustainable Biodiesel Application
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Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oils for energetically independent small communities: an overview
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Advancements in catalysts, process intensification, and feedstock utilization for sustainable biodiesel production
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Catalytic Strategies for Algal-Based Carbon Capture and Renewable Energy: A Review on a Sustainable Approach
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Bioactive compounds from micro-algae and its application in foods: A review
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Advancements in Synthetic Biology for Enhancing Cyanobacterial Capabilities in Sustainable Plastic Production: A Green Horizon Perspective
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Algal-Based Carbonaceous Materials for Environmental Remediation: Advances in Wastewater Treatment, Carbon Sequestration, and Biofuel Applications
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1H NMR and UV-Vis as Analytical Techniques to Evaluate Biodiesel Conversion and Oxidative Stability
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Anticancer Properties of Macroalgae: A Comprehensive Review
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Transesterification of biodiesel from non-edible oils using heterogeneous base catalysts: A comprehensive review of potential renewable biomass feedstocks
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Processing of lipid-enriched microalgae Chlorella biomass into biofuels and value-added chemicals
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Chemical Characterization, Lipid Profile, and Volatile Compounds in Chlorella sp. and Spirulina platensis: A Promising Feedstock for Various Applications
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Optimizing parameters for enhanced rapeseed biodiesel production: A study on acidic and basic carbon-based catalysts through experimental and DFT evaluations
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Exploring the efficiency and scalability of using algae as a biomass feedstock for biofuel production
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Life cycle assessment and techno-economic optimization of biocrude oil production from microalgae via hydrothermal liquefaction using genetic algorithms
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Effective Valorization of Anaerobic Digestate—A Sustainable Approach to Circular Economy
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Engineering strategies of microalgal cultivation for potential jet fuel production – A critical review
Lutzu, G. A., Usai, L., Ciurli, A., Chiellini, C., Caprio, F. D., Pagnanelli, F., Parsaeimehr, A., Māliņa, I., Māliņš, K., Fabbricino, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.113886 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The versatility of algae in addressing the global sustainability challenges
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Comparative transcriptomic insights into key genes for biomass production and lipid synthesis in Chlorella sorokiniana mutated by argon and air atmospheric and room temperature plasma at different culture stages: Common mechanisms and unique differences
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Sustainability considerations in bio-hydrogen from bio-algae with the aid of bio-algae cultivation and harvesting: Critical review
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Fourth-generation (4G) biodiesel: Paving the way for a greener and sustainable energy future in emerging economies
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Integrating wastewater treatment to bio-stimulant & biochar generation for plant growth promotion using microalgae
Rawat, J., Nanda, M., Kumar, S., Sharma, R., Sharma, R., Joshi, H. C., Vlaskin, M. S., Hussain, A., & Kumar, V. (2024) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2024.06.031 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sustainable Microalgal Biomass for Efficient and Scalable Green Energy Solutions: Fueling Tomorrow
Rathinavel, L., Singh, S., Rai, P. K., Chandra, N., Jothinathan, D., Gaffar, I., Pandey, A. K., Choure, K., Waoo, A. A., Joo, J. C., et al. (2024) · Fuels · doi:10.3390/fuels5040049 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Advancements in photobioreactor systems: Optimizing operations for enhanced microalgal growth and bioremediation
Hashmi, Z., Idriss, I. M., Zaini, J., Bakar, M. S. A., & Bilad, M. R. (2025) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104282 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Harnessing algal biomass for renewable energy and biofuel production: Current strategies and future insights
Sundaram, T., Kamalesh, R., Saravanan, A., Yaashikaa, P. R., Vickram, A. S., Teena, R. A., & Thiruvengadam, S. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145487 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Comparison of Light Intensity Effect on Microalgal Growth in Cactus-like and Cylindrical Photo Bioreactors
Hijazi, R., Mounsef, J. R., & Kanaan, H. Y. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12081664 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Superstructure optimization of hydrothermal liquefaction for microalgae biorefinery considering environmental impacts and economics
Taipabu, M. I., Huang, C., Irfan, H. M., Viswanathan, K., Adi, V. S. K., & Wu, W. (2024) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2024.121593 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Valorization of Algal Biomass to Biofuel: A Review
Amalapridman, V., Ofori, P. A., & Abbey, L. (2025) · Biomass · doi:10.3390/biomass5020026 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Comparative machine learning analysis of microalgae and biogas blended fuel in Micro-gas turbine using long short-term memory and convolutional neural network approaches
Praveenkumar, T. R., Prakash, S., Alharbi, S. A., Almoallim, H. S. M., & Shobana, M. (2024) · Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers · doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105780 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Biphasic lipid extraction from microalgae after PEF-treatment reduces the energy demand of the downstream process
Papachristou, I., Nazarova, N., Wüstner, R., Lina, R., Frey, W., & Silve, A. (2025) · Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts · doi:10.1186/s13068-025-02608-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Experimental investigation of heterotrophic Micro-Algae Oil biodiesel production processes
Johnson, F. A., Patel, B., & Ikotun, B. D. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104698 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exploring microalgae-based biodiesel as an alternative fuel: Development, production techniques and environmental impacts
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Harnessing synthetic biology for sustainable industrial innovation: Advances, challenges, and future direction
Ezeako, E. C., Nwiloh, B. I., Odo, M. C., & Ozougwu, V. E. (2025) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2025.109777 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Unlocking the potential of food waste as a nutrient goldmine for microalgae cultivation: A review
Chan, S. S., Lee, S. Y., Ling, T. C., Chae, K., Srinuanpan, S., & Khoo, K. S. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.144753 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Autotrophic vs. heterotrophic microalgae: Juxtaposition of performances in treating organic-rich effluent
Kurniawan, S. B., Čížková, M., Ahmad, A., Wibowo, Y. G., Said, N. S. M., Jusoh, H. H. W., Ismail, A., & Imron, M. F. (2025) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101159 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of algal biodiesel for compression ignition engines: Challenges, advances, and future prospects
Gupta, H., & Gangwar, J. N. (2025) · Energy & Environment · doi:10.1177/0958305x251354880 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Microalgae and livestock wastewater - A synergistic approach to environmental management
Krishnamoorthy, S., Rajamanickam, R., & Selvasembian, R. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179997 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Innovations in microalgae pyrolysis: Driving circular economy and clean energy goals: Review
Elsafi, M., Ho, Y., Beh, H. G., Leong, W. H., & Rashid, N. M. (2025) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108327 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Design of a Ɛ-caprolactam-based ionic liquids for the extraction of lipids from starved Parachlorella kessleri microalgae for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF)
Rivas-Navia, D., Cheikhwafa, J., Zurita, A., Torrens, E., & Bengoa, C. (2025) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104369 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Comparative Techno-Economic Analysis of Waste Cooking Oils and Chlorella Microalgae for Sustainable Biodiesel Production
Bhran, A. A. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13113526 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Recent advances in 1D and 2D liquid-phase and solid-state NMR studies of biofuel
Krivdin, L. B. (2025) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2025.122592 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advances in hydrodeoxygenation techniques and catalysts for the sustainable conversion of microalgal oil into biofuels
Ma, C., Dai, Y., Zhuang, G., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2025.122168 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Algae-driven bioelectrochemical systems: Recent advances, applications, and prospects
Apollon, W., Verma, M., Kuleshova, T. E., Mishra, V., Gwenzi, W., Mittal, Y., Jadhav, D. A., Kadier, A., Ghosh, S. B., Malloum, A., et al. (2025) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108675 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advancements in Valorization of Food Waste Resources by Microalgae for Sustainable Biorefinery Production
Htoo, N. Y. M., Pumas, C., Srinuanpan, S., Kee, P. E., Lan, J. C., Lim, J. W., Upadhyay, S. K., & Khoo, K. S. (2024) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-024-10777-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Raw material selection for sustainable fermentation-derived alternative protein production: a review
Wankhede, L., Bhardwaj, G., Pereira, G. V. D. M., Soccol, C. R., & Brar, S. K. (2024) · Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing · doi:10.1007/s43393-024-00294-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The growth and nutrient removal properties of heterotrophic microalgae using volatile fatty acids under different nitrogen forms and its application in actual acid-producing wastewater
Jia, C., Liu, N., Chen, L., Yan, W., Zhao, Q., Li, J., Yu, Z., Song, M., Xu, C., & Song, X. (2025) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2025.115347 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Divulging the future of sustainable energy: Innovations and challenges in algal biodiesel production for green energy
Akram, F., Aslam, H., Suhail, M., Fatima, T., & Haq, I. U. (2025) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2025.104266 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cultivation Conditions and Operating Modes in Large-Scale Microalgae Processes
Ahamefule, C. S., Osilo, C. B., Idenyi, J. N., Ogbonna, I. O., & Ogbonna, J. C. (2025) · Grand challenges in biology and biotechnology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84282-5_3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Maximizing the biodiesel production efficiency from red sea macroalgae: A seasonal and multivariate approach
Aboueldahab, M., Wu, Y., Alwaleed, E. A., Twagirayezu, G., Xia, A., & Saber, H. (2025) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108050 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Photosynthesis and hydrogen energy for sustainability: harnessing the sun for a greener future
Kossalbayev, B. D., YILMAZ, G., Özcan, H. G., SOYKAN, G., YALCIN, S., & Allakhverdiev, S. I. (2024) · Photosynthetica · doi:10.32615/ps.2024.013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Elucidating the clinker-based catalyst deactivation for biodiesel production in a continuous microwave-assisted reactor
Gimbun, J., Ali, M. A. M., Cheng, C. K., Abidin, S. Z., Mel, M., & Chin, S. C. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.115186 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Microwave catalytic co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and Chlorella vulgaris over composite catalyst: Characteristics and bio-oil analysis
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Authors: Gaurav, K., Neeti, K., & Singh, R.
Affiliations: National Institute of Technology Patna (IN)
Corresponding author: Singh, Reena
ORCID: Singh, Reena
Venue: Green Technologies and Sustainability
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2024-01
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 100060
ISSN: 2949-7361 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.grets.2023.100060
OpenAlex: W4388142550
Semantic Scholar: 8f1413e8d5e82ce334e4ee74baff12f84dc9c7e1
Cited by: 165
References: 240
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 37
FWCI: 7.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Green Technologies and Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Keywords: microalgae, biodiesel, algal biofuels, photobioreactors, open pond cultivation, lipid extraction, transesterification, lipid yield, production costs, renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions

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Microalgae-Based Biodiesel Production and Its Challenges and Future Opportunities: A Review

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