What differs in visual recognition of handwritten vs. printed letters? An fMRI study
Open accessAbstract
In models of letter recognition, handwritten letters are considered as a particular font exemplar, not qualitatively different in their processing from printed letters. Yet, some data suggest that recognizing handwritten letters might rely on distinct processes, possibly related to motor knowledge. We applied functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of perceiving handwritten letters vs. standard printed letters. Statistical analysis circumscribed to frontal brain regions involved in hand‐movement triggering and execution showed that processing of handwritten letters is supported by a stronger activation of the left primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area. At the whole‐brain level, additional differences between handwritten and printed letters were observed in the right superior frontal, middle occipital, and parahippocampal gyri, and in the left inferior precentral and the fusiform gyri. The results are suggested to indicate embodiment of the visual perception of handwritten letters. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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The process of writing words by hand may provide a unique impetus to learning.
“Research has also demonstrated that the process of writing words by hand may provide a unique impetus to learning (38).”
From Disorder of written expression and dysgraphia: definition, diagnosis, and management (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
Most studies on the relationship between handwriting and memory have shown that people remember information better when it is handwritten compared with when it is typed.
“Statistically, most studies on the relationship between handwriting and memory (including those conducted in Japan, Norway, and the United States) have shown that people remember information better when it is handwritten compared with when it is typed [50,53].”
From The Neuroscience Behind Writing: Handwriting vs. Typing—Who Wins the Battle? (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
The motor and premotor cortices are significantly more activated during the production of handwritten letters compared with printed ones.
“Longcamp and colleagues [50] demonstrated that the motor and premotor cortices are significantly more activated during the production of handwritten letters compared with printed ones.”
From The Neuroscience Behind Writing: Handwriting vs. Typing—Who Wins the Battle? (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Longcamp, M., Hlushchuk, Y., & Hari, R.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Aalto University (FI)
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-07-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1250-1259
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6870258
- OpenAlex
- W2026720311
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation Fyssen
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- handwritten letters, printed letters, letter recognition, visual perception, motor knowledge, primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, embodiment, fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, frontal cortex, neural correlates
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Handwriting, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reading
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