The Neuroscience Behind Writing: Handwriting vs. Typing—Who Wins the Battle?

Alphabetic writing systems predominantly engage the left hemisphere, particularly phonological processing areas.

“This is in contrast with alphabetic systems, which predominantly engage the left hemisphere, particularly in phonological processing areas.”

• cites [3] Feng, 2022, How Characters Are Learned Leaves Its Mark on the Neural Substrates of Chinese Reading, eNeuro sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says alphabetic reading can use orthographic-to-phonological mapping and that phonological awareness is critical in English reading development. The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies the left posterior temporal and left angular gyri as typical alphabetic reading-related areas. These passages support the phonological emphasis and identify left-hemisphere regions, but do not establish that alphabetic systems predominantly engage the left hemisphere, particularly in phonological processing areas. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The cognitive demands of writing hieroglyphic characters may lead to enhanced visuospatial memory and motor coordination compared with alphabet-based writing.

“The cognitive demands of writing hieroglyphic characters may lead to enhanced visuospatial memory and motor coordination compared with alphabet-based writing, highlighting significant differences in neural processing between these two systems [3].”

• cites [3] Feng, 2022, How Characters Are Learned Leaves Its Mark on the Neural Substrates of Chinese Reading, eNeuro sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) reports that writing practice modulated neural responses during Chinese-character learning, supporting the sentence’s general point about neural processing. It does not report enhanced visuospatial memory or motor coordination, or compare those abilities with alphabet-based writing; the authors say the effect of learning strategy in alphabetic languages remains an open question. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Once individuals are accustomed to it, handwriting with a digital pen and tablet can increase the ability to learn compared with keyboard typing.

“A study found that once individuals are accustomed to it, handwriting with a digital pen and tablet can increase the ability to learn compared with keyboard typing [15].”

• cites [15] Ihara, A.S., Nakajima, K., Kake, A., Ishimaru, K., Osugi, K., and Naruse, Y. (2021). Advantage of Handwriting over Typing on Learning Words: Evidence from an N400 Event-Related Potential Index. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 15. sourceSupported

Cursive writing recruits broader neural networks compared with block-letter writing.

“A study using high-density EEG demonstrated that cursive writing recruits broader neural networks compared with block-letter writing, which may have implications for education and cognitive development [17].”

• cites [17] Askvik, E.O., van der Weel, F.R.R., and van der Meer, A.L.H. (2020). The importance of cursive handwriting over typewriting for learning in the classroom: A high-density EEG study of 12-year-old children and young adults. Front. Psychol., 11. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Discussion report a high-density EEG comparison of cursive handwriting with keyboard typewriting and drawing, and describe different neural activation patterns for handwriting and typing. They do not report a comparison with handwritten block letters, so the claimed comparator is unsupported. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cursive writing involves greater activation of the motor cortex and cerebellum than block-letter writing.

“Research suggests that cursive writing involves greater activation of the motor cortex and cerebellum, as it requires fine motor coordination and smooth transitions between letters.”

• cites [17] Askvik, E.O., van der Weel, F.R.R., and van der Meer, A.L.H. (2020). The importance of cursive handwriting over typewriting for learning in the classroom: A high-density EEG study of 12-year-old children and young adults. Front. Psychol., 11. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says cursive writing requires fine coordination of hand movements, and the Results report distinct brain-activity patterns for handwriting and typewriting. The study compared cursive writing with typing and drawing, not block-letter writing; our copy does not establish greater activation of the motor cortex or cerebellum. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Karimpour et al. used a tablet with real-time visual feedback and found that cortical activation during handwriting was more widespread compared with studies using traditional pen-and-paper writing.

“Karimpour et al. [26] used a tablet with real-time visual feedback to monitor handwriting, revealing that cortical activation during handwriting was more widespread compared with studies using traditional pen-and-paper writing.”

• cites [26] Karimpoor, M., Churchill, N.W., Tam, F., Fischer, C.E., Schweizer, T.A., and Graham, S.J. (2018). Functional MRI of handwriting tasks: A study of healthy young adults interacting with a novel touch-sensitive tablet. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 12. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes a touch-sensitive tablet with visual feedback, and the Discussion reports brain activity during handwriting with that device. The Discussion compares its findings with earlier studies but does not say activation was more widespread than in pen-and-paper studies; it calls the comparison an initial assessment of consistency. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Children who practiced writing by hand had better reading fluency and comprehension than those who practiced typing, particularly when learning letters and sounds.

“Research found that children who practiced writing by hand had better reading fluency and comprehension than those who practiced typing, particularly when learning letters and sounds [24].”

• cites [24] James, 2012, The effects of handwriting experience on functional brain development in pre-literate children, Trends Neurosci. Educ. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports that handwriting, unlike typing, recruited a reading-related brain circuit during letter perception in preliterate children. But the Results (§3.1) say literacy tests were used only to check participants’ baseline performance, not to analyze training effects. The paper does not report better reading fluency or comprehension after handwriting, or a particular benefit when learning letter sounds. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Typing relies more heavily on executive and memory-related circuits.

“Meanwhile, typing relies more heavily on executive and memory-related circuits, as evidenced by the findings of Purcell et al. [27] and Shah et al. (Table 2) [28].”

• cites [27] Purcell, 2011, A combined fMRI study of typed spelling and reading, Neuroimage sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (Medial Prefrontal Cortex; page unavailable) associates typed spelling with regions that may reflect executive task demands. The Introduction describes the graphemic buffer as a working-memory system, but says its processing is shared by typing and handwriting. The paper does not establish that typing relies more heavily on executive and memory-related circuits than handwriting. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [28] Shah, 2013, Neural correlates of creative writing: An fMRI study, Hum. Brain Mapp. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

For young children, learning to write by hand has been linked to improved letter recognition and reading fluency.

“For young children, learning to write by hand has been linked to improved letter recognition and reading fluency, emphasizing its role in building foundational literacy skills [37].”

• cites [37] Boyraz, R.K., Kirpinar, I., Yilmaz, O., Özyurt, O., Kiliçarslan, T., and Aralasmak, A. (2021). A treatment-response comparison study of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging between standard treatment of SSRI and standard treatment of SSRI plus non-dominant hand-writing task in patients with major depressive disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 12. sourceCould not verify

  The Materials and Methods section describes a non-dominant-hand writing task for patients with major depressive disorder, while the Introduction frames it as a potential depression treatment. Searches for young children, letter recognition, reading fluency, and literacy found no passage addressing the claimed link. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Studies using fMRI have shown that handwriting engages areas such as Broca's area, as well as the parietal and temporal lobes.

“Studies using fMRI have shown that handwriting engages areas such as Broca’s area, which is critical for language production, as well as the parietal and temporal lobes, which support visual and auditory integration [17].”

• cites [17] Askvik, E.O., van der Weel, F.R.R., and van der Meer, A.L.H. (2020). The importance of cursive handwriting over typewriting for learning in the classroom: A high-density EEG study of 12-year-old children and young adults. Front. Psychol., 11. sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Main Effects and post-hoc Analyses; page not provided) report parietal activity associated with handwriting, and the Individual Time-Frequency Responses include temporal regions among those examined. But this was an EEG study, not an fMRI study; the cited passages do not identify Broca’s area or establish the claimed temporal-lobe involvement and functional roles. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Because the same key can be activated by various finger movements, typing often disrupts the precise correspondence between a single gesture and the final product.

“However, since the same key can be activated by various finger movements, this mechanical process often disrupts the precise correspondence between a single gesture and the final product [26].”

• cites [26] Karimpoor, M., Churchill, N.W., Tam, F., Fischer, C.E., Schweizer, T.A., and Graham, S.J. (2018). Functional MRI of handwriting tasks: A study of healthy young adults interacting with a novel touch-sensitive tablet. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 12. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction and Discussion describe handwriting with a stylus, including coordinated finger movements, but do not address typing. Searches for typing, keys, and keyboards found no passage about whether different finger movements can activate the same key or disrupt a gesture-to-product correspondence. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Handwriting activates brain regions associated with episodic memory and deeper encoding processes.

“As Watanabe et al. [52] note, handwriting activates brain regions associated with episodic memory and deeper encoding processes.”

• cites [52] Watanabe, H., Nakajima, K., Takagi, S., Mizuyama, R., Saito, M., Furusawa, K., Nakatani, K., Yokota, Y., Kataoka, H., and Nakajima, H. (2021). Differences in Mechanical Parameters of Keyboard Switches Modulate Motor Preparation: A Wearable EEG Study. Front. Neuroergonomics, 2. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction and Discussion address brain activity during keyboard-switch use and motor preparation, not handwriting. Searches for handwriting, episodic memory, and encoding found no passage in our copy supporting the attributed claim; the indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Handwriting activated bilateral inferior parietal lobules, irrespective of word complexity.

“In contrast, Brownsett and Wise [48] studied English speakers via PET and found that handwriting activated bilateral inferior parietal lobules, irrespective of word complexity.”

• cites [48] Brownsett, 2010, The contribution of the parietal lobes to speaking and writing, Cereb. Cortex sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports bilateral parietal activity during both narrative writing and repeated writing of /w/s, but locates that content-independent activity in the superior parietal cortex and intraparietal sulci. The Results (Main Effect of CONTENT) instead associate bilateral inferior parietal activation with repetitive meaningless gestures relative to narrative production, so the claim that inferior parietal activation was irrespective of word complexity is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Handwriting activates a broader network of brain regions involved in motor, sensory, and cognitive processing than typing.

“Handwriting activates a broader network of brain regions involved in motor, sensory, and cognitive processing.”

• Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain

  “A primary distinction between handwriting and typing lies in the differential activation of brain regions involved in motor control, sensory processing, and higher-order cognitive functions.”

The data reviewed suggest that handwriting and typing engage overlapping yet distinct neural networks.

“The data reviewed suggest that handwriting and typing engage overlapping yet distinct neural networks (Table 1).”

Handwriting remains an important tool for learning and memory retention, particularly in educational contexts.

“Despite the advantages of typing in terms of speed and convenience, handwriting remains an important tool for learning and memory retention, particularly in educational contexts.”

Roux et al. found similar activation in the left superior parietal cortex during typing, suggesting that some aspects of orthographic encoding are shared between handwriting and typing.

“In contrast, Roux et al. [19] studied 24 participants via fMRI and found similar activation in the same area during typing, suggesting that some aspects of orthographic encoding are shared between both modalities.”

• cites [19] Roux, 2009, The graphemic/motor frontal area Exner’s area revisited, Ann. Neurol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Beeson et al. demonstrated a distinct functional specialization of the left superior parietal cortex for handwriting.

“For instance, in an fMRI study on 12 right-handed adults, Beeson et al. [18] demonstrated a distinct functional specialization of the left superior parietal cortex for handwriting.”

• cites [18] Beeson, 2003, The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study, Aphasiology sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Handwriting engages the sensorimotor cortex, visual areas, and language centres (e.g., Broca's area) more extensively than typing.

“From a neuroscientific perspective, studies have shown that handwriting engages the sensorimotor cortex, visual areas, and language centres (e.g., Broca’s area) more extensively than typing.”

• cites [14] Maiero, 2019, Back-of-Device Force Feedback Improves Touchscreen Interaction for Mobile Devices, IEEE Trans. Haptics sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Handwriting is a highly complex task that involves the integration of fine motor skills, visual processing, and cognitive functions related to memory and learning.

“Handwriting is a highly complex task that involves the integration of fine motor skills, visual processing, and cognitive functions related to memory and learning.”

The influence of sensory input on brain structure and function is strongly dependent on developmental stages, as neural plasticity fluctuates throughout life.

“According to the study by Cisneros-Franco et al. [25], the influence of sensory input on brain structure and function is strongly dependent on developmental stages, as neural plasticity fluctuates throughout life.”

• cites [25] Voss, 2020, Critical periods of brain development, Handb. Clin. Neurol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Handwriting facilitates greater multisensory integration involving motor, parietal, and language-related cortical regions.

“Studies by Longcamp et al. [22] and Palmis et al. [23] demonstrate that handwriting facilitates greater multisensory integration involving motor, parietal, and language-related cortical regions.”

• cites [22] Longcamp, 2008, Learning through hand- or typewriting influences visual recognition of new graphic shapes: Behavioral and functional imaging evidence, J. Cogn. Neurosci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [23] Palmis, 2019, The impact of spelling regularity on handwriting production: A coupled fMRI and kinematics study, Cortex sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Handwriting activates a broader network of motor-related and language-processing areas compared with typing.

“research by Longcamp et al. [22] and Siebner et al. [31] demonstrated that handwriting activates a broader network of motor-related and language-processing areas compared with typing”

• cites [22] Longcamp, 2008, Learning through hand- or typewriting influences visual recognition of new graphic shapes: Behavioral and functional imaging evidence, J. Cogn. Neurosci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [31] Siebner, 2001, Brain correlates of fast and slow handwriting in humans: A PET-performance correlation analysis, Eur. J. Neurosci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Segal and Petrides observed that typing activated a similar motor network regardless of the language used.

“This contrasted with findings from Segal and Petrides [21], who studied nine bilingual English–French speakers and observed that typing activated a similar motor network regardless of the language used, suggesting a lower influence of linguistic specificity in typing compared with handwriting.”

• cites [21] Segal, 2012, The anterior superior parietal lobule and its interactions with language and motor areas during writing, Eur. J. Neurosci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Handwriting is a dynamic motor process that engages a network of brain regions primarily associated with motor control, visuospatial coordination, and language processing.

“Handwriting is a dynamic motor process that engages a network of brain regions primarily associated with motor control, visuospatial coordination, and language processing.”

• cites [14] Maiero, 2019, Back-of-Device Force Feedback Improves Touchscreen Interaction for Mobile Devices, IEEE Trans. Haptics sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16] Chen, 2018, MH-Pen: A Pen-Type Multi-Mode Haptic Interface for Touch Screens Interaction, IEEE Trans. Haptics sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The process of writing by hand is inherently more cognitively demanding than typing.

“suggesting that the process of writing by hand is inherently more cognitively demanding.”

Compared with typing, handwriting allows the writer to focus attention on a single point in both space and time.

“In terms of sensorimotor experience, compared with typing, handwriting allows the writer to focus their attention on a single point in both space and time.”

Handwriting significantly activated the left fusiform area, which is crucial for visual word recognition.

“Handwriting significantly activated the left fusiform area, which is crucial for visual word recognition.”

• cites [5] Planton, 2017, How specialized are writing-specific brain regions? An fMRI study of writing, drawing and oral spelling, Cortex sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In four-year-old children who cannot name or write all the letters of the alphabet, handwriting training contributes to the specialization of the perceptual-motor neural network, enabling them to identify letters.

“Indeed, in four-year-old children who cannot name or write all the letters of the alphabet, handwriting training contributes to the specialization of the perceptual–motor neural network, enabling them to identify letters [40].”

• cites [40] Natta, F. (2016). Corsivo vs computer. Perché scrivere a mano. Percorsi cognitivi e orizzonti di ricerca. Studium Educationis, Pensa MultiMedia Editore.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Handwriting and typing both depend on shared neural pathways for visual and orthographic processing.

“Despite these differences, handwriting and typing both depend on shared neural pathways for visual and orthographic processing.”

• cites [18] Beeson, 2003, The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study, Aphasiology sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The motor and premotor cortices are significantly more activated during the production of handwritten letters compared with printed ones.

“Longcamp and colleagues [50] demonstrated that the motor and premotor cortices are significantly more activated during the production of handwritten letters compared with printed ones.”

• cites [50] Longcamp, 2011, What differs in visual recognition of handwritten vs. printed letters? An fMRI study, Hum. Brain Mapp. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Once learned, there is a unique correspondence between the letter and the movement that produces it, demanding a deeper level of attentional processing.

“Once learned, there is a unique correspondence between the letter and the movement that produces it, demanding a deeper level of attentional processing.”

Typing involves spatial learning, as individuals must construct a mental map of the keyboard to accurately locate and press each key.

“Typing, on the other hand, also involves spatial learning, as individuals must construct a mental map of the keyboard to accurately locate and press each key.”

Longcamp et al. found that handwriting enhanced the encoding of new characters due to greater engagement of the left fusiform gyrus and the superior parietal lobule.

“Using fMRI, Longcamp et al. [22] found that handwriting enhanced the encoding of new characters due to greater engagement of the left fusiform gyrus and the superior parietal lobule, areas associated with visual word recognition and spatial processing.”

• cites [22] Longcamp, 2008, Learning through hand- or typewriting influences visual recognition of new graphic shapes: Behavioral and functional imaging evidence, J. Cogn. Neurosci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Mueller and Oppenheimer demonstrated that students who took handwritten notes retained conceptual information better than those who typed, even when typing speed was controlled.

“In contrast, Mueller and Oppenheimer [7], using behavioral analysis rather than neuroimaging, demonstrated that students who took handwritten notes retained conceptual information better than those who typed, even when typing speed was controlled.”

• cites [7] Mueller, 2014, The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking, Psychol. Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The observation and execution of an action facilitate its visual perception.

“This suggests a more general principle whereby the observation and execution of an action facilitate its visual perception.”

Keyboard typing relies on the construction of a representational scheme mapping character shapes to key positions.

“Keyboard typing, while a motor activity, relies on the construction of a representational scheme mapping character shapes to key positions.”

The greater focus of attention involved in handwriting contributes to a more intense level of cognitive processing.

“The greater focus of attention involved in handwriting also contributes to a more intense level of cognitive processing [39].”

• cites [39] Suggate, 2023, The effect of fine motor skills, handwriting, and typing on reading development, J. Exp. Child Psychol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The effortful nature of handwriting enhances the brain's ability to retain information over the long term.

“The effortful nature of handwriting, which requires the formation of each letter and the integration of visual, motor, and cognitive processes, enhances the brain’s ability to retain information over the long term.”

Most studies on the relationship between handwriting and memory have shown that people remember information better when it is handwritten compared with when it is typed.

“Statistically, most studies on the relationship between handwriting and memory (including those conducted in Japan, Norway, and the United States) have shown that people remember information better when it is handwritten compared with when it is typed [50,53].”

• cites [50] Longcamp, 2011, What differs in visual recognition of handwritten vs. printed letters? An fMRI study, Hum. Brain Mapp. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [53] Smoker, 2009, Comparing Memory for Handwriting versus Typing, Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The memory advantage of handwriting is attributed to the greater cognitive load associated with handwriting, which promotes more effective encoding of information.

“This advantage was attributed to the greater cognitive load associated with handwriting, which promoted more effective encoding of information.”

Handwriting requires the execution and control of a movement that fully defines the shape of a letter.

“As previously mentioned, handwriting requires the execution and control of a movement that fully defines the shape of a letter.”

Handwriting enhances the ability to recognize and recall information due to its more demanding cognitive nature.

“The work of Tremblay et al. [41] further supports this, indicating that handwriting enhances the ability to recognize and recall information due to its more demanding cognitive nature”

• cites [41] Tremblay, 2008, On the time-course and frequency selectivity of the EEG for different modes of response selection: Evidence from speech production and keyboard pressing, Clin. Neurophysiol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Planton et al. demonstrated that writing activates a larger visuomotor network compared with typing.

“This finding is consistent with the work of Planton et al. [5], who demonstrated that writing activates a larger visuomotor network compared with typing, suggesting that multisensory integration plays a crucial role in memory encoding.”

• cites [5] Planton, 2017, How specialized are writing-specific brain regions? An fMRI study of writing, drawing and oral spelling, Cortex sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Planton et al. on 16 right-handed individuals demonstrated that handwriting led to activations in the left intraparietal sulcus and premotor cortex.

“A study by Planton et al. [5] on 16 right-handed individuals demonstrated that handwriting led to activations in the left intraparietal sulcus and premotor cortex, indicating involvement in motor control processes.”

• cites [5] Planton, 2017, How specialized are writing-specific brain regions? An fMRI study of writing, drawing and oral spelling, Cortex sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Writing by hand strengthens memory and learning through the encoding effect, where the effort of forming letters improves retention and comprehension.

“Writing by hand strengthens memory and learning through the “encoding effect”, where the effort of forming letters improves retention and comprehension.”

• cites [22] Longcamp, 2008, Learning through hand- or typewriting influences visual recognition of new graphic shapes: Behavioral and functional imaging evidence, J. Cogn. Neurosci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Based on the sensory and motor experiences associated with handwriting, memory traces are formed and partially reactivated during retrieval.

“Based on the sensory (visual and tactile) and motor experiences associated with handwriting, memory traces are formed and partially reactivated during retrieval.”

Nakamura et al. found increased activation in the left temporo-occipital cortex in individuals using ideograms compared with those employing phonetic kana script.

“Nakamura et al. [20] examined nine Japanese speakers using fMRI and found increased activation in the left temporo-occipital cortex in individuals using ideograms compared with those employing phonetic kana script, indicating that the type of writing system influenced the brain activity.”

• cites [20] Nakamura, 2000, Participation of the left posterior inferior temporal cortex in writing and mental recall of kanji orthography: A functional MRI study, Brain sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Conflicting findings regarding handwriting and typing are likely to stem from differences in experimental design, participant populations, and imaging methodologies.

“Conflicting findings regarding handwriting and typing are likely to stem from differences in experimental design, participant populations, and imaging methodologies.”

The coupling of motor action and sensory feedback during handwriting facilitates the development of letter recognition more than typing does.

“as discussed above, the coupling of motor action and sensory feedback during handwriting facilitates the development of this skill more than typing does.”

Palmis et al. found that writing irregular words activated motor-related regions such as the superior frontal gyrus and cerebellum more than regular words.

“Palmis et al. [23] found that writing irregular words activated motor-related regions, such as the superior frontal gyrus and cerebellum, more than regular words, indicating that greater cognitive effort during handwriting might be a key driver of its memory benefits.”

• cites [23] Palmis, 2019, The impact of spelling regularity on handwriting production: A coupled fMRI and kinematics study, Cortex sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Studies employing fMRI and TMS have identified the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA), and cerebellum as core areas controlling the execution and refinement of handwriting movements.

“Studies employing fMRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have identified in the primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area (SMA), and the cerebellum as the core areas controlling the execution and refinement of handwriting movements.”

• cites [14] Maiero, 2019, Back-of-Device Force Feedback Improves Touchscreen Interaction for Mobile Devices, IEEE Trans. Haptics sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16] Chen, 2018, MH-Pen: A Pen-Type Multi-Mode Haptic Interface for Touch Screens Interaction, IEEE Trans. Haptics sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The absence of shape processing in typing hinders the development of the sensorimotor system.

“The absence of shape processing in typing hinders the development of the sensorimotor system.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The absence of shape processing in typing hinders the development of the sensorimotor system.

Typing appears to activate fewer neural circuits related to memory and learning.

“While typing is undeniably faster and more efficient, it appears to activate fewer neural circuits related to memory and learning.”