The critical role of toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 in alcoholic liver disease is independent of the common TLR adapter MyD88†
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) that recognizes endotoxin, a trigger of inflammation in alcoholic liver disease (ALD), activates two signaling pathways utilizing different adapter molecules: the common TLR adapter, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), or Toll/interleukin immune-response-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon (IFN)-beta. The MyD88 pathway induces proinflammatory cytokine activation, a critical mediator of ALD. Here we evaluated the role of MyD88 in alcohol-induced liver injury in wild-type, TLR2-deficient, TLR4-deficient, or MyD88-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice after administration of the Lieber-De-Carli diet (4.5% volume/volume ethanol) or an isocaloric liquid control diet for 5 weeks. Alcohol feeding resulted in a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase levels, liver steatosis and triglyceride levels suggesting liver damage in WT, TLR2-KO, and MyD88-KO but not in TLR4-KO mice. Expression of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and TLR4 coreceptors (CD14 and MD2) was significantly higher in livers of alcohol-fed WT, TLR2-KO, or MyD88-KO, but not in TLR4-KO mice, compared to controls. Reactive oxygen radicals produced by cytochrome P450 and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate complexes contribute to alcoholic liver damage. Alcohol feeding-induced expression and activation of cytochrome P450 and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate complex were prevented by TLR4-deficiency but not by MyD88-deficiency. Liver expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a MyD88-independent signaling molecule, was not affected by chronic alcohol treatment in whole livers of WT mice or in any of the KO mice. However, the induction of IRF7, an IRF3-inducible gene, was found in Kupffer cells of alcohol-fed WT mice. Alcohol feeding also induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in a TLR4-dependent MyD88-independent manner. CONCLUSION: While TLR4 deficiency was protective, MyD88 deficiency failed to prevent alcohol-induced liver damage and inflammation. These results suggest that the common TLR adapter, MyD88, is dispensable in TLR4-mediated liver injury in ALD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Global TLR4 deficiency in mice and gut sterilization with nonabsorbable antibiotics in rats reduce hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation.
“Global TLR4 deficiency in mice as well as gut sterilization with nonabsorbable antibiotics in rats reduces hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation46–48.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling
O'Neill, L. A. J., & Bowie, A. G. (2007) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2079 · Cited by 2,667 · see citing works
Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2004) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2003.10.003 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
Kawai, T., & Akira, S. (2007) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2006.12.004 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Signal transduction by the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll-like receptor-4
Pålsson‐McDermott, E. M., & O'Neill, L. A. J. (2004) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01976.x · Cited by 1,254 · see citing works
Homologs of gp91 phox : cloning and tissue expression of Nox3, Nox4, and Nox5
Cheng, G., Cao, Z., Xu, X., Meir, E. G. V., & Lambeth, J. D. (2001) · Gene · doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00449-8 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Essential role of tumor necrosis factor α in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice
Yin, M., Wheeler, M. D., Kono, H., Bradford, B. U., Gallucci, R. M., Luster, M. I., & Thurman, R. G. (1999) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70354-9 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
CD14 is required for MyD88-independent LPS signaling
Jiang, Z., Georgel, P., Du, X., Shamel, L., Sovath, S., Mudd, S., Huber, M., Kalis, C., Keck, S., Galanos, C., et al. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1207 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Park, H. S., Jung, H. Y., Park, E. Y., Kim, J., Lee, W. J., & Bae, Y. S. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3589 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Alcohol and Oxidative Liver Injury
Dey, A., & Cederbaum, A. I. (2006) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20957 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
NADPH oxidase–derived free radicals are key oxidants in alcohol-induced liver disease
Kono, H., Rusyn, I., Yin, M., Gäbele, E., Yamashina, S., Dikalova, A., Kadiiska, M. B., Connor, H. D., Mason, R. P., Segal, B. H., et al. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci9020 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Oxidants and antioxidants in alcohol-induced liver disease
Arteel, G. E. (2003) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2003.50087 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Toll–Like Receptor 4 Is Involved in the Mechanism of Early Alcohol–Induced Liver Injury in Mice
Uesugi, T., Froh, M., Arteel, G. E., Bradford, B. U., & Thurman, R. G. (2001) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.25350 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Quinn, M. T., & Gauss, K. A. (2004) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0404216 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
NADPH oxidases: not just for leukocytes anymore!
Bokoch, G., & Knaus, U. G. (2003) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(03)00194-4 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Bagchi, A., Herrup, E. A., Warren, H. S., Trigilio, J., Shin, H., Valentine, C., & Hellman, J. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.1164 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Su, G. L., Klein, R., Aminlari, A., Zhang, H. Y., Steinstraesser, L., Alarcon, W. H., Remick, D., & Wang, S. C. (2000) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/he.2000.5634 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Nagamatsu, S., Kornhauser, J. M., Burant, C. F., Seino, S., Mayo, K. E., & Bell, G. I. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48518-3 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
McKim, S. E., Gäbele, E., Isayama, F., Lambert, J. C., Tucker, L. M., Wheeler, M. D., Connor, H. D., Mason, R. P., Doll, M. A., Hein, D. W., et al. (2003) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.08.030 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Reduced Early Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in CD14-Deficient Mice
Yin, M., Bradford, B. U., Wheeler, M. D., Uesugi, T., Froh, M., Goyert, S. M., & Thurman, R. G. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4737 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Li, Q., Harraz, M. M., Zhou, W., Zhang, L. N., Ding, W., Zhang, Y., Eggleston, T., Yeaman, C. A., Bánfi, B., & Engelhardt, J. F. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.26.1.140-154.2006 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Thakur, V., Pritchard, M. T., McMullen, M. R., Wang, Q., & Nagy, L. E. (2006) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1005613 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Pattern recognition receptors: A contemporary view on liver diseases
Szabó, G., Dolganiuc, A., & Mandrekar, P. (2006) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21308 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Early Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice
Uesugi, T., Froh, M., Arteel, G. E., Bradford, B. U., Wheeler, M. D., Gäbele, E., Isayama, F., & Thurman, R. G. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2963 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Genes or environment to determine alcoholic liver disease and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Day, C. (2006) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01323.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Bode, C., & Bode, J. C. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000189280.19073.28 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Endotoxin and Kupffer cell activation in alcoholic liver disease.
Wheeler, M. D. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Cutting Edge: MyD88 Controls Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Function and Killing of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Laroux, F. S., Ros, X. R., Wetzler, L. M., Engel, P., & Terhorst, C. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5596 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Colmenero, J., Bataller, R. A., Sancho‐Bru, P., Bellot, P., Miquel, R., Moreno, M., Jares, P., Bosch, J., Arroyo, V., Caballería, J., et al. (2006) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.036 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
NADPH Oxidase in the Liver: Defensive, Offensive, or Fibrogenic?
Minicis, S. D., Bataller, R. A., & Brenner, D. A. (2006) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.05.048 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
McMullen, M. R., Pritchard, M. T., Wang, Q., Millward, C. A., Croniger, C. M., & Nagy, L. E. (2005) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.065 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Murillo, M. M., Carmona‐Cuenca, I., del Castillo, G., Ortiz, C., Roncero, C., Sánchez, A., Fernández, M., & Fabregat, I. (2007) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20061846 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Gobejishvili, L., Barve, S. S., Joshi‐Barve, S., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2006 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Romics, L., Kodys, K., Dolganiuc, A., Graham, L. S., Velayudham, A., Mandrekar, P., & Szabó, G. (2004) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20304 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationCooperation of STAT-1 and IRF-1 in Interferon-γ-induced Transcription of the gp91 Gene
Kumatori, A., Yang, D., Suzuki, S., & Nakamura, M. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109803200 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cross-talk between IRAK-4 and the NADPH oxidase
Pacquelet, S., Johnson, J. L., Ellis, B. A., Brzezinska, A. A., Lane, W. S., Munafó, D. B., & Catz, S. D. (2007) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20061184 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Interferon Regulatory Factor-2 Directs Transcription from the gp91 Promoter
Luo, W., & Skalnik, D. G. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.38.23445 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lu, Y., & Cederbaum, A. I. (2006) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21241 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Role of Kupffer cells in alcoholic hepatitis
Nanji, A. A. (2002) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(02)00207-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Gene expression in the liver of rats fed alcohol by means of intragastric infusion
Deaciuc, I. V., Arteel, G. E., Peng, X., Hill, D. B., & McClain, C. J. (2004) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.04.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The regulation of cytochrome P450 2E1 during LPS-induced inflammation in the rat
Abdulla, D., Goralski, K. B., & Renton, K. W. (2006) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.03.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Romics, L., Mandrekar, P., Kodys, K., et al. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000167744.60838.4a · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationGene expression in the liver of rats fed alcohol by means of intragastric infusion
Deaciuc, I. V., Arteel, G. E., Peng, X., et al. (2004) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(04)00058-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Role of Endotoxin in NF-??B Activation by Ethanol in Rat Hepatocytes
Matsumoto, H., Sato, Y., Azumi, J., et al. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/00000374-200208001-00003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Role of Endotoxin in NF‐κB Activation by Ethanol in Rat Hepatocytes
Matsumoto, H., Sato, Y., Azumi, J., et al. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02694.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [25]Dey A, Cederbaum AI. Alcohol and oxidative liver injury. HEPATOLOGY 2006; 43(Suppl 1): S63– S74. 16447273
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and New Therapeutic Targets
Gao, B., & Bataller, R. (2011) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.09.002 · Cited by 1,963 · see citing works
Gut–Liver Axis in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Szabo, G. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.042 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
IL-1 receptor antagonist ameliorates inflammasome-dependent alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice
Petrasek, J., Bala, S., Csak, T., Lippai, D., Kodys, K., Menashy, V., Barrieau, M., Min, S.-Y., Kurt-Jones, E. A., & Szabo, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci60777 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Self-citationSterile inflammation in the liver
Kubes, P., & Mehal, W. Z. (2012) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.09.008 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Csak, T., Ganz, M., Pespisa, J., Kodys, K., Dolganiuc, A., & Szabo, G. (2011) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.24341 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Self-citationThe gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation
Yu, L.-X., & Schwabe, R. F. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.72 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Dixon, L. J., Barnes, M., Tang, H., Pritchard, M. T., & Nagy, L. E. (2013) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c120026 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Role of Metabolic Endotoxemia in Systemic Inflammation and Potential Interventions
Mohammad, S., & Thiemermann, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.594150 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease: Role of oxidative metabolism
Ceni, E., Mello, T., & Galli, A. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i47.17756 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Critical role of TLR4 response in the activation of microglia induced by ethanol
Fernandez-Lizarbe, S., Pascual, M., & Guerri, C. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803590 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Chen, P., Stärkel, P., Turner, J. R., Ho, S. B., & Schnabl, B. (2015) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.27489 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 ameliorates experimental alcoholic liver disease in mice
Hartmann, P., Chen, P., Wang, H. J., Wang, L., McCole, D. F., Brandl, K., Stärkel, P., Belzer, C., Hellerbrand, C., Tsukamoto, H., et al. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26321 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Pascual, M., Baliño, P., Alfonso-Loeches, S., Aragón, C. M. G., & Guerri, C. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.012 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Ye, D., Li, F. Y. L., Lam, K. S. L., Li, H., Jia, W., Wang, Y., Man, K., Lo, C. M., Li, X., & Xu, A. (2012) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300269 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Metabolic endotoxemia: a molecular link between obesity and cardiovascular risk
Neves, A. L., Coelho, J., Couto, L., Leite-Moreira, A., & Roncon-Albuquerque, R. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-13-0079 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Commensal microbiota is hepatoprotective and prevents liver fibrosis in mice
Mazagova, M., Wang, L., Anfora, A. T., Wissmueller, M., Lesley, S. A., Miyamoto, Y., Eckmann, L., Dhungana, S., Pathmasiri, W., Sumner, S., et al. (2015) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.14-259515 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Alcohol or gut microbiota: who is the guilty?
Meroni, M., Longo, M., & Dongiovanni, P. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20184568 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Gut-Liver Axis and Sensing Microbes
Szabo, G., Bala, S., Petrasek, J., & Gattu, A. (2010) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000324281 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationThe link between inflammation, bugs, the intestine and the brain in alcohol dependence
Leclercq, S., de Timary, P., Delzenne, N. M., & Stärkel, P. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.15 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Toll-like Receptor 4 and Hepatic Fibrogenesis
Pradere, J.-P., Troeger, J., Dapito, D., Mencin, A., & Schwabe, R. (2010) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1255353 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Kirpich, I. A., Feng, W., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Barker, D. F., Barve, S. S., & McClain, C. J. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01673.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Microbiota, a key player in alcoholic liver disease
Cassard, A.-M., & Ciocan, D. (2018) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2017.0067 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Maricic, I., Marrero, I., Eguchi, A., Nakamura, R., Johnson, C. D., Dasgupta, S., Hernandez, C. D., Nguyen, P. S., Swafford, A. D., Knight, R., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800614 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The unfolding web of innate immune dysregulation in alcoholic liver injury
Szabo, G., Mandrekar, P., Petrasek, J., & Catalano, D. (2011) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01398.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationGut-liver axis: Recent concepts in pathophysiology in alcohol-associated liver disease
Raya Tonetti, F., Eguileor, A., Mrdjen, M., Pathak, V., Travers, J., Nagy, L. E., & Llorente, C. (2024) · Hepatology · doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000000924 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Hepatocyte toll-like receptor 4 deficiency protects against alcohol-induced fatty liver disease
Jia, L., Chang, X., Qian, S., Liu, C., Lord, C. C., Ahmed, N., Lee, C. E., Lee, S., Gautron, L., Mitchell, M. C., et al. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.015 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Xia, T., Zhang, J., Yao, J., Zhang, B., Duan, W., Zhao, C., Du, P., Song, J., Zheng, Y., & Wang, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10070805 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lee, J. S., O’Connell, E. M., Pacher, P., & Lohoff, F. W. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10081758 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Host Factors in Dysregulation of the Gut Barrier Function during Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
Maccioni, L., Leclercq, I. A., Schnabl, B., & Stärkel, P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222312687 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zhang, Z.-H., Liu, X.-Q., Zhang, C., He, W., Wang, H., Chen, Y.-H., Liu, X.-J., Chen, X., & Xu, D.-X. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33513 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hritz, I., Mandrekar, P., Velayudham, A., Catalano, D., Dolganiuc, A., Kodys, K., Kurt‐Jones, E., & Szabo, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Venue
- Hepatology
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1224-1231
- ISSN
- 0270-9139 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7137387
- OpenAlex
- W1988990189
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 17.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA 11576, R21AA014238, R01AA011576)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Keywords
- TLR4, MyD88, alcoholic liver disease, MyD88-independent signaling, TLR2, IRF3, IRF7, NF-κB, Kupffer cells, liver inflammation, endotoxin, NADPH oxidase, cytochrome P450, hepatic steatosis, TLR4 knockout mice
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Fatty Liver, Liver, Liver Diseases, Alcoholic, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, NADP, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-6, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mice, Knockout, Lipopolysaccharide Receptors, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1, Hepatocytes, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Lymphocyte Antigen 96, Mice, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
