PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators direct a distinct tissue‐specific transcriptional response via a PPRE in the lipoprotein lipase gene.
Open accessAbstract
Increased activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) may explain the hypotriglyceridemic effects of fibrates, thiazolidinediones and fatty acids, which are known activators (and/or ligands) of the various peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Treatment with compounds which activate preferentially PPARalpha, such as fenofibrate, induced LPL expression exclusively in rat liver. In contrast, the antidiabetic thiazolidinedione BRL 49653, a high affinity ligand for PPARgamma, had no effect on liver, but induced LPL expression in rat adipose tissue. In the hepatocyte cell line AML-12, fenofibric acid, but not BRL 49653, induced LPL mRNA, whereas in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, the PPARgamma ligand induced LPL mRNA levels much quicker and to a higher extent than fenofibric acid. In both the in vivo and in vitro studies, inducibility by either PPARalpha or gamma activators, correlated with the tissue distribution of the respective PPARs: an adipocyte-restricted expression of PPARgamma, whereas PPARalpha was expressed predominantly in liver. A sequence element was identified in the human LPL promoter that mediates the functional responsiveness to fibrates and thiazolidinediones. Methylation interference and gel retardation assays demonstrated that a PPARalpha or gamma and the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR) heterodimers bind to this sequence -169 TGCCCTTTCCCCC -157. These data provide evidence that transcriptional activation of the LPL gene by fibrates and thiazolidinediones is mediated by PPAR-RXR heterodimers and contributes significantly to their hypotriglyceridemic effects in vivo. Whereas thiazolidinediones predominantly affect adipocyte LPL production through activation of PPARgamma, fibrates exert their effects mainly in the liver via activation of PPARalpha.
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Thiazolidinediones act by activating PPARγ and regulating genes involved in glucose and fat metabolism.
“Their mode of action involves activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ), a nuclear transcription factor that is highly expressed in adipose tissue, and the subsequent regulation of genes that are involved in glucose and fat metabolism.356, 357, 358”
From Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. (2016) · cites this paper as [357]
The Abstract and Introduction report that thiazolidinediones activate PPARγ and induce transcription of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene in adipocytes, supporting the fat-metabolism portion. The Discussion links this effect to improved glucose metabolism only speculatively; it does not establish regulation of genes involved in glucose metabolism. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActivation of PPARα increases LPL and apo A-V, decreases apo C-III, thereby enhancing catabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and reducing serum TG levels.
“Activation of PPARα increases the production of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and apolipoprotein (apo) A-V, while it decreases the plasma levels of apo C-III that inhibits LPL activity, thereby enhancing the catabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and reducing serum TG levels [31–34].”
From Pemafibrate, a new selective PPARα modulator: drug concept and its clinical applications for dyslipidemia and metabolic diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Schoonjans, K., Peinado‐Onsurbe, J., Lefebvre, A. M., Heyman, R. A., Briggs, M., Deeb, S., Staels, B., & Auwerx, J.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 1996-10-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 5336-5348
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC452277
- OpenAlex
- W1672804368
- Cited by
- 1,173
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 11.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- National Institutes of Health (5p50hl047151-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-47151)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
- Keywords
- lipoprotein lipase, PPARα, PPARγ, PPAR-RXR heterodimer, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, tissue-specific transcription, fibrates, thiazolidinediones, fenofibrate, fenofibric acid, hypotriglyceridemic effect, liver, adipose tissue, gene expression regulation
- MeSH terms
- Rosiglitazone, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Hypolipidemic Agents, Cell Line, DNA, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Lipoprotein Lipase, Liver, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Myocardium, Organ Specificity, Fenofibrate, Promoter Regions, Genetic, RNA, Messenger, Thiazoles, Transcription Factors, Transcriptional Activation, 3T3 Cells, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Adipocytes, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Receptors, Retinoic Acid, Dimerization, Thiazolidinediones, Retinoid X Receptors, Mice, Rats
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