Mindfulness and progressive muscle relaxation as standardized session‐introduction in individual therapy: A randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective: There is scarce research on the effects of mindfulness in individual therapy. As many practitioners integrate mindfulness exercises into individual therapy, empirical evidence is of high clinical relevance. Method: We investigated the effects of a session‐introducing intervention with mindfulness elements (SIIME) in a randomized, controlled design. The effects of SIIME on therapeutic alliance and symptomatic outcome were compared with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and treatment‐as‐usual (TAU) control conditions. The sample comprised 162 patients with anxiety and depression. Results: Multilevel modeling revealed a significant symptom reduction and significant increase of alliance over the course of therapy. There were no significant time–condition interactions on outcome and alliance, indicating the comparable efficiency of all three treatment conditions. Conclusions: We found no advantage of SIIME versus PMR and TAU. Add‐on mindfulness might not improve individual therapy related to alliance and outcome.
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The role of added mindfulness in enhancing emotion regulation strategies and whether these strategies mediate the relationship between mindfulness and treatment outcomes remains unclear.
“the role of added mindfulness in enhancing emotion regulation strategies and whether these strategies mediate the relationship between mindfulness and treatment outcomes remains unclear [48, 52].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says it remains unclear whether mindfulness exercises are the specific component responsible for therapeutic change. It does not address whether added mindfulness enhances emotion-regulation strategies or whether those strategies mediate treatment outcomes; the Results examine moderators, not that proposed mediation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious research, including the authors' own, suggests that mindfulness levels naturally increase during individual CBT, whether explicitly included or not.
“Previous research, including our own [52, 53], suggests that mindfulness levels naturally increase during individual CBT, whether explicitly included or not.”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The sample size was determined based on power analyses to detect small effects (Cohen's f = 0.12).
“This sample size was determined based on power analyses to detect small effects (Cohen's f = 0.12; for details, see [47, 52]).”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
None of the participants engaged in interventions from the nonassigned condition, affirming fidelity to prescribed protocols.
“Importantly, none of the participants engaged in interventions from the nonassigned condition, affirming fidelity to the prescribed protocols [52].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
Participants' familiarity with mindfulness at baseline and ongoing mindfulness practices outside sessions did not significantly moderate treatment effects.
“We examined the participants' familiarity with mindfulness at baseline and their ongoing mindfulness practices outside of the sessions at each of the four measurement points, finding that these variables did not significantly moderate the treatment effects (see [52] for detailed analyses).”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
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MethodInfluentialAlliance in individual psychotherapy
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“On the other hand, mediation studies found positive outcome effects of the mindfulness component (Kuyken et al., 2010; van der Velden et al., 2015).”
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“On the other hand, mediation studies found positive outcome effects of the mindfulness component (Kuyken et al., 2010; van der Velden et al., 2015).”
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BackgroundTherapist competence ratings in relation to clinical outcome in cognitive therapy of depression.
Shaw, B. F., Elkin, I., Yamaguchi, J., Olmsted, M. P., Vallis, M., Dobson, K. S., Lowery, A., Sotsky, S. M., Watkins, J. T., & Imber, S. D. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.6.837 · Cited by 306 · cited 1× · see citing works
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ResultProspects for a clinical science of mindfulness-based intervention
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“Many clinicians in routine care apply mindfulness exercises in individual therapy (Cigolla & Brown, 2011; Demarzo et al., 2015; Dimidjian & Segal, 2015) and already do so during their training (Ivanovic, Swift, Callahan, & Dunn, 2015; Mander et al., 2017a).”
BackgroundMethodBlanck, P., Perleth, S., Heidenreich, T., Kröger, P., Ditzen, B., Bents, H., & Mander, J. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.12.002 · Cited by 248 · cited 2× · see citing works
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“A strong and empirically validated exercise that does not include the hypothesized effective components of mindfulness is Jacobson’s (1938) progressive muscle relaxation (PMR; Semple, 2010).”
BackgroundTherapist competence ratings in relation to clinical outcome in cognitive therapy of depression.
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Training Teachers to Deliver Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Learning from the UK Experience
Crane, R. S., Kuyken, W., Hastings, R. P., Rothwell, N., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0010-9 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Are the parts as good as the whole? A meta-analysis of component treatment studies.
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Analyzing multiple outcomes in clinical research using multivariate multilevel models.
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“We used a multivariate MLM to simultaneously model a change in alliance ratings from the patient and therapist perspectives (Baldwin et al., 2014; Mander et al., 2017b).”
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“According to the model of Kristeller and Johnson (2005), mindfulness awareness leads to stronger self‐compassion and increased empathy for others, thereby strengthening the therapeutic alliance.”
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“Many clinicians in routine care apply mindfulness exercises in individual therapy (Cigolla & Brown, 2011; Demarzo et al., 2015; Dimidjian & Segal, 2015) and already do so during their training (Ivanovic, Swift, Callahan, & Dunn, 2015; Mander et al., 2017a).”
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“The TPI showed an internal consistency of α = 0.75 and demonstrated convergent validity (Geller et al., 2010).”
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“Finally, mindfulness as a component directly integrated into individual therapy sessions might be too weak to result in additional outcome effects (Bell et al., 2013; Cuijpers et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPsychotherapist mindfulness and the psychotherapy process.
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Monitoring mindfulness practice quality: An important consideration in mindfulness practice
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“The measure showed internal consistencies of 0.72 ≤ α ≤ 0.87 and was outcome predictive (del Re et al., 2013).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBritton, W. B., Davis, J. H., Loucks, E. B., Peterson, B., Cullen, B. H., Reuter, L., Rando, A., Rahrig, H., Lipsky, J., & Lindahl, J. R. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.010 · Cited by 100 · cited 13× · see citing works
“We matched overall therapy time by directly integrating mindfulness into individual therapy to not confound potential effects with extra treatment time (Britton et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFeedback and therapist effects in the context of treatment outcome and treatment length
Lutz, W., Rubel, J. A., Schiefele, A.-K., Zimmermann, D., Boehnke, J. R., & Wittmann, W. W. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1053553 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently, it has been highlighted that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) should be conducted in routine individual therapy to address issues of external validity (Flückiger et al., 2016; Lutz et al., 2015; McHugh & Barlow, 2010).”
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Michalak, J., Schultze, M., Heidenreich, T., & Schramm, E. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000042 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As outlined above, it is of clinical relevance to investigate mindfulness exercises in individual therapy (Dimidjian & Segal, 2015; Michalak et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of pre-session centering for therapists on session presence and effectiveness
Dunn, R., Callahan, J. L., Swift, J. K., & Ivanovic, M. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.731713 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Based on this model and in line with preliminary research evidence, session‐introducing mindfulness should ultimately strengthen therapeutic alliance and increase the importance of the alliance for symptomatic outcome (Dunn et al., 2013; Horst et al., 2013).”
ResultShallcross, A. J., Gross, J. J., Visvanathan, P. D., Kumar, N., Palfrey, A., Ford, B. Q., Dimidjian, S., Shirk, S., Holm-Denoma, J., Goode, K. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000050 · Cited by 81 · cited 12× · see citing works
“However, it is crucial to compare this approach with active control groups that include exercises without the hypothesized effective ingredients of MBIs (Britton et al., 2017; Shallcross et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialImplementing Mindfulness in the Mainstream: Making the Path by Walking It
Crane, R. S. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0632-7 · Cited by 81 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The results of our study are of importance for routine practice, as many practitioners directly integrate mindfulness into their individual therapies without an empirical basis for whether this component actually improves outcomes (Crane, 2016; Dimidjian & Segal, 2015).”
BackgroundFalkenström, F., Markowitz, Jonker, H., Philips, B., & Holmqvist, R. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.12r07848 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Weck, F., Neng, J. M. B., Richtberg, S., Jakob, M., & Stangier, U. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000013 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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Self-citationDistinguishing anxiety and depression: Reexamination of the reconstructed Hamilton scales.
Moras, K., Nardo, P. A. D., & Barlow, D. H. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.2.224 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Internal consistencies ranged from 0.77 ≤ α ≤ 0.81 (current sample: 0.79 ≤ α ≤ 0.82), ICCs were 0.74 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.96, and cutoff to remission ≤ 7 (Moras et al., 1992).”
InfluentialEffectiveness of routine psychotherapy: Method matters
McAleavey, A. A., Youn, S. J., Xiao, H., Castonguay, L. G., Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1395921 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Schroevers, M. J., Tovote, K. A., Snippe, E., & Fleer, J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0575-z · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Of additional importance, MBIs and PMR have been applied in multiweek clinical interventions, but they can also be used as stand‐alone interventions that can be incorporated into single therapy sessions (Schroevers et al., 2016; Semple, 2010).”
BackgroundHuijbers, M. J., Spinhoven, P., Spijker, J., Ruhé, H. G., van Schaik, D. J. F., van Oppen, P., Nolen, W. A., Ormel, J., Kuyken, W., van der Wilt, G. J., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.168971 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Both MBIs are offered in eight weekly 2‐hr classes, where patients learn meditations that include a sustained attentional focus on body, breath, and thoughts (Huijbers et al., 2016).”
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“The interrater reliabilities were 0.73 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.95 (Weck et al., 2010).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationHuijbers, M. J., Crane, R. S., Kuyken, W., Heijke, L., van den Hout, I., Donders, A. R. T., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0672-z · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A way of being: Bringing mindfulness into individual therapy
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“Many clinicians in routine care apply mindfulness exercises in individual therapy (Cigolla & Brown, 2011; Demarzo et al., 2015; Dimidjian & Segal, 2015) and already do so during their training (Ivanovic, Swift, Callahan, & Dunn, 2015; Mander et al., 2017a).”
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“Recently, it has been highlighted that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) should be conducted in routine individual therapy to address issues of external validity (Flückiger et al., 2016; Lutz et al., 2015; McHugh & Barlow, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDifferential Treatment Mechanisms in Mindfulness Meditation and Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Gao, L., Curtiss, J., Liu, X., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0869-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lutz, W., Zimmermann, D., Müller, V., Deisenhofer, A., & Rubel, J. A. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1464-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Self-citationClient and therapist initial experience of using mindfulness in therapy
Horst, K., Newsom, K., & Stith, S. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.784420 · Cited by 27 · cited 3× · see citing works
“First studies demonstrate the positive effects of mindfulness on therapeutic alliance in cross‐sectional designs (Dunn, Callahan, Swift, & Ivanovic, 2013; Horst et al., 2013), but lack evidence on symptomatic outcome in longitudinal designs (Goyal et al.”
BackgroundResultMander, J., Neubauer, A. B., Schlarb, A., Teufel, M., Bents, H., Hautzinger, M., Zipfel, S., Wittorf, A., & Sammet, I. (2017) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12131 · Cited by 27 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Many clinicians in routine care apply mindfulness exercises in individual therapy (Cigolla & Brown, 2011; Demarzo et al., 2015; Dimidjian & Segal, 2015) and already do so during their training (Ivanovic, Swift, Callahan, & Dunn, 2015; Mander et al., 2017a).”
BackgroundMethodIvanovic, M., Swift, J. K., Callahan, J. L., & Dunn, R. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.4.331 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Probst, T., Sattel, H. C., Gündel, H., Henningsen, P., Kruse, J., Schneider, G., & Lahmann, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00261 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mander, J., Kröger, P., Heidenreich, T., Flückiger, C., Lutz, W., Bents, H., & Barnow, S. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0082-3 · Cited by 15 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Details on the study protocol are published elsewhere (Mander et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNelson, N. E., & Hiller, W. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000223 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We chose these two mental disorders because of patients being treated at German university therapy‐training centers; approximately 30% suffer from a primary anxiety disorder, and approximately 40% suffer from a primary major depression (Nelson & Hiller, 2013).”
MethodMander, J., Kröger, P., Blanck, P., Call, M., Bents, H., & Heidenreich, T. (2017) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000455163 · Cited by 10 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Many clinicians in routine care apply mindfulness exercises in individual therapy (Cigolla & Brown, 2011; Demarzo et al., 2015; Dimidjian & Segal, 2015) and already do so during their training (Ivanovic, Swift, Callahan, & Dunn, 2015; Mander et al., 2017a).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLöffler, U., Sakalli, B., Stopsack, M., Mander, J., Bents, H., & Barnow, S. (2015) · Verhaltenstherapie (Basel) · doi:10.1159/000438908 · Cited by 5 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It has factor loadings of 0.51 ≤ λ ≤ 0.88, internal consistencies of 0.60 ≤ α ≤ 0.77, and is outcome predictive (Löffler et al., 2015).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
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Distinct roles of state-like and trait-like patient–therapist alliance in psychotherapy
Zilcha‐Mano, S., & Fisher, H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00029-z · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mindfulness‐Based Couple Interventions: A Systematic Literature Review
Winter, F., Steffan, A., Warth, M., Ditzen, B., & Aguilar‐Raab, C. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12683 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Adverse events in psychotherapy randomized controlled trials: A systematic review
Klatte, R., Strauss, B. M., Flückiger, C., & Rosendahl, J. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2286992 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Finally, our search strategy led to the inclusion of three studies involving co-authors of this review (Flückiger et al., 2016; Gawlytta et al., 2020; Mander et al., 2019).”
Self-citationPrinciples for a Responsible Integration of Mindfulness in Individual Therapy
Michalak, J., Crane, C., Germer, C. K., Gold, E., Heidenreich, T., Mander, J., Meibert, P., & Segal, Z. V. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01142-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…with mindfulness elements with a 5-min sessionintroducing relaxation intervention and treatment as usual in individual therapy found no advantage of add-on mindfulness exercises related to therapeutic alliance and symptom reduction in 162 patients with anxiety and depression (Mander et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLutz, W., Zimmermann, D., Müller, V., Deisenhofer, A., & Rubel, J. A. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1464-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationMeditation, mindfulness, and acceptance methods in psychotherapy: A systematic review
Goldberg, S. B., Anders, C., Stuart-Maver, S. L., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2209694 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability in Individual Psychotherapy
Blanck, P., Stoffel, M., Bents, H., Ditzen, B., & Mander, J. (2019) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000994 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Participants were recruited from a larger psychotherapy study (for 452 www.jonmd.com Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer H details, see Mander et al., 2019) with inclusion criteria as follows: a) a primary anxiety or depressive disorder diagnosis, b) age between 18 and 65 years, c) fluency and literacy…”
MethodSelf-citationShoar, S., Naderan, M., Mahmoodzadeh, H., Shoar, N., & Lotfi, D. (2019) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2019.1657006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pruessner, L., Timm, C., Kalmar, J., Bents, H., Barnow, S., & Mander, J. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/9081139 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The current randomized controlled trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NTC02270073) and followed the CONSORT statement (for a fl ow chart, see [52]).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCludius, B., Landmann, S., Rose, N. L. J., Heidenreich, T., Hottenrott, B., Schröder, J., Jelinek, L., Voderholzer, U., Külz, A. K., & Moritz, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113119 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationLandmann, S., Cludius, B., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., Moritz, S., & Külz, A. K. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112842 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hunger‐Schoppe, C., Hilzinger, R., Klewinghaus, L., Deußer, L., Sander, A., Mander, J., Bents, H., Ditzen, B., & Schweitzer, J. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12492 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationImplementation and Dissemination of Mindfulness-Based Interventions
Michalak, J., Mander, J., & Heidenreich, T. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01250-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationProbst, T., Schramm, E., Heidenreich, T., Klein, J. P., & Michalak, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22931 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“A single multivariate multilevel model integrating both outcomes would also be possible (e.g., Baldwin, Imel, Braithwaite, & Atkins, 2014; Mander et al., 2019), but we did not want to treat the primary and secondary outcome as equal.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMassaro, A. F., Lecuona, O., García-Rubio, C., & Castro-Paredes, A. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01835-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kalmar, J., Baumann, I., Gruber, E., Vonderlin, E., Bents, H., Neubauer, A., Heidenreich, T., & Mander, J. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06212-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationAlkan, E., Kumar, G., Ravichandran, S., Kaushal, S. R., de Pablo, G. S., Alerci, L., Michaud-Feinberg, J., Gutiérrez-Rojas, L., Zorzi, C., Klauser, P., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116473 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…et al., 2018), Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders ( k = 1) (Zhang et al., 2021), with some studies including a sample with various Disorders ( k = 7) (Finnes et al., 2019; L ´ opez-Navarro and Al-Halabí, 2022; Mander et al., 2019; Sundquist et al., 2019, 2017, 2015; Uliaszek et al., 2016).”
Baumann, I., Gruber, E., Vonderlin, E., Bents, H., Heidenreich, T., Kalmar, J., & Mander, J. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01943-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“, 2002) to individual therapy (Mander et al., 2019), as well as stand-alone interventions (Blanck et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHunt, C., Goodman, R. D., Hilert, A. J., Hurley, W., & Hill, C. E. (2021) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2021.1895724 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“the start of sessions reported no beneficial effect on client symptoms (Mander et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialDrüge, M., Guthardt, L., Haller, E., Michalak, J., & Apolinário-Hagen, J. (2024) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4402-2_11 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gruber, E., Baumann, I., Vonderlin, E., Bents, H., Heidenreich, T., Mander, J., & Kalmar, J. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02569-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationAşkar, S. E., Ovayolu, Ö., & Ovayolu, N. (2024) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2024.01.011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A randomized controlled pilot trial of brief online mindfulness training in young drivers.
Albert, D. A., Ouimet, M., & Brown, T. G. (2023) · Accident Analysis and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2023.107322 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Why Are Researchers Not Interested in Studying Individual Mindfulness-Based Interventions?
Schroevers, M. J., & Fleer, J. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01209-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wang, L., Zhuang, S., Zhou, X., & Liu, J. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00786-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“1 3 In this study, the combination of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation, as an integrated and all-round means of physical and mental rehabilitation, can make addicts resonate with music, overcome difficulties through physical relaxation, and achieve the effect of improving body circulation and alleviatin…”
BackgroundZargar, F., Fahim, A., Nikgoftar, N., & Tarrahi, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1734_22 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“[8,19] Although a few researches have shown similarities between PMR and MBT,[6,8] the issue remains controversial among researchers.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialD’Errico, L., Call, M., Blanck, P., Vonderlin, E., Bents, H., & Mander, J. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12233 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSchürmann‐Vengels, J., Victor, P. P., Odyniec, P., Flückiger, C., Teismann, T., & Willutzki, U. (2022) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.7043 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationKalmar, J., Bressler, C., Gruber, E., Baumann, I., Vonderlin, E., Bents, H., Heidenreich, T., & Mander, J. (2023) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12619 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBorgdorf, K. S. A., Aguilar‐Raab, C., & Holt, D. V. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100870 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Overall, our finding that neither training was superior to the other is consistent with work on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs; Mander et al., 2018; Shallcross et al., 2015) and recent meta-analytic results of SCT (Han and Kim, 2023).”
Achtsamkeit in Ausbildungspsychotherapien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Kalmar, J., Engel, S., Baumann, I., Gruber, E., Vonderlin, E., Bents, H., Heidenreich, T., & Mander, J. (2020) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2020.69.4.339 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBaumann, I., Kalmar, J., Gruber, E., Blanck, P., Vonderlin, E., Heidenreich, T., & Mander, J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23645 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBenoy, C., Meyer, A., Knitter, B., Pinhard, K., Walter, M., Bader, K., & Gloster, A. T. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000532 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Achtsamkeit und Selbstmitgefühl in der Psychotherapie – state of the art
Gruber, E., Bents, H., & Mander, J. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAndorfer, A., Kraler, S., Kaufmann, P., Pollheimer, E., Spah, C., Fuchshuber, J., Rominger, C., Traunmüller, C., Schwerdtfeger, A. R., & Unterrainer, . (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098122 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Besides, the MSC and the PMR training seem to produce quite similar results like several other studies comparing mindfulness and PMR (66, 68, 117, 118).”
MethodResultWei, Y., Xiao, W., Chi, F.-F., Xu, Y., Sun, L., Zhong, Q., Xue, J., & Chen, S. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02347-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, previous studies predominantly used the PQ-M as a check for mindfulness manipulation (Mander et al., 2019; Quaglia et al., 2019).”
Fahimi, N., Kiamarsi, A., Kazemi, R., & Narimani, M. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22038/ijp.2021.56164.4419 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alhawatmeh, H. N., Albataineh, R., & Abuhammad, S. (2026) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1155/nuf/6495777 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bents, H., Gschwendt, M., & Mander, J. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGschwendt, M., & Kalmar, J. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_12
Mander, J. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_11
Self-citationMander, J., D’Errico, L., Blanck, P., & Bents, H. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_14
Self-citationPractice Quality-Mindfulness (PQ-M)
Re, A. C. D., Flückiger, C., & Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_69-1
Self-citationMeditation, Mindfulness, and Acceptance
Goldberg, S. B., Anders, C., Stuart-Maver, S. L., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197611012.003.0020
Manual de condutas em cuidados paliativos na atenção primária à saúde
da Silva, L. L., Ikuta, Y. M., Dias, L. M., Vallinoto, M. C., Gobbi, C. D., & Duarte, H. P. P. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.620231611
Arslan, U., Özgünay, Ş. E., Yiğit, D., & Düzköylü, Y. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000042641
“[17,18] Following relaxation of the extremities, trunk, head, neck, and whole body in accordance with hypnotic induction, suggestions were provided.”
Practice Quality-Mindfulness (PQ-M)
Re, A. C. D., Flückiger, C., & Goldberg, S. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_69
Self-citationMander, J., Kalmar, J., Werling, A. M., Sallinger, C., & Vonderlin, E. (2025) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2025.74.7.607
Self-citationRupture Repair and Mindfulness
Macdonald, J. B. (2026) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07140-8_7
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“Previous research showed that the power of MLM is comparable to (or even higher than) power of ANOVA designs [87-89].”
Heldal, R., Skredsvig, M., Hoff, F. G. D., & Vøllestad, J. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02964-x
Adamone, R., Goss, D., & Bapir‐Tardy, S. (2026) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2026.2699754
Kalmar, J., Baumann, I., Schleiting, E., Grünert, A., Vonderlin, E., Lindenberg, K., Neubauer, A. B., Heidenreich, T., & Mander, J. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70216
Self-citationKumar, P., Sreekumaran, A., Srinivasan, V., Dhanusia, S., Jayaraj, V., & Manshi, N. (2026) · Fisioterapia em Movimento · doi:10.1590/fm.2026.39131
- Authors
- Mander, J., Blanck, P., Neubauer, A. B., Kröger, P., Flückiger, C., Lutz, W., Barnow, S., Bents, H., & Heidenreich, T.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Esslingen University of Applied Sciences (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Mander, Johannes
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-10-08
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-45
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- PMC
- PMC6826255
- OpenAlex
- W2896875084
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 6.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Pedocs (German Institute for International Educational Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Frankfurter Forschungsbibliothek (cc-by)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (MA6526/2-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- mindfulness, progressive muscle relaxation, individual psychotherapy, therapeutic relationship, anxiety, depression, symptom relief
- MeSH terms
- Therapeutic Alliance, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Autogenic Training, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapeutic Processes, Treatment Outcome, Mindfulness
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