Meditation, mindfulness, and acceptance methods in psychotherapy: A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Meditation, mindfulness, and acceptance (MMA) methods have gained popularity among psychotherapists and the public. The impact of these strategies as implemented in treatment packages (e.g., mindfulness-based interventions) has been studied extensively. However, the impact of integrating MMA strategies into individual psychotherapy has not been established.Methods: To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review of empirical (quantitative or qualitative) studies investigating the use of MMA methods during individual psychotherapy in adult samples.Results: After reviewing 4671 references, only three studies (one quantitative, two qualitative) met our inclusion criteria. The one experimental study (n = 162) provided no evidence that including mindfulness meditation improved outcomes beyond other active interventions (ds = 0.00–0.12 for effects on general clinical symptoms vs. progressive muscle relaxation and treatment-as-usual, respectively). Two qualitative studies (n = 5 therapist-patient dyads in one study, n = 9 adults in one study) provided preliminary evidence that patients may find MMA methods helpful.Conclusions: We highlight future directions for work in this area, including clarifying optimal dosage and timing, identifying patient characteristics associated with beneficial or adverse effects, investigating cultural adaptations, and clarifying how MMA constructs can be measured within individual psychotherapy. We conclude by highlighting training recommendations and therapeutic practices.
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Manualized group settings incorporate many components contributing to their observed clinical benefits.
“These settings incorporate many components contributing to their observed clinical benefits [46–49].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
The Definitions and Clinical Description section (page not provided) says group settings have elements that may make these methods helpful and that DBT includes ingredients beyond acceptance. The Distal Outcomes of Treatment Packages section reports clinical benefits. The review does not establish that the various components contributed to those observed benefits; it presents the group-setting contribution as a possibility. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA significant gap persists in understanding the effects of mindfulness interventions on therapeutic outcomes when embedded in individual CBT sessions.
“a significant gap persists in understanding the effects of mindfulness interventions on therapeutic outcomes when embedded in individual CBT sessions [46, 49, 51].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Goldberg, S. B., Anders, C., Stuart-Maver, S. L., & Kivlighan, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldberg, Simon B.
- Venue
- Psychotherapy Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-05-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 873-885
- ISSN
- 1050-3307 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4381
- PMC
- PMC10523914
- OpenAlex
- W4375853448
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychotherapy Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary & Integrative Health of the National Institutes of Health (K23AT010879)
- Hope for Depression Research Foundation (Defeating Depression Award)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- meditation, mindfulness, acceptance and commitment therapy, individual psychotherapy, mindfulness-based interventions, psychotherapy integration, clinical outcomes, therapist training, patient experience
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Psychotherapy, Meditation, Mindfulness
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