Applications of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Medicine

Zhu, Yawen; Zhao, Junqi; Ding, Haoran; Qiu, Mengdi; Xue, Lingling; Ge, Dongxue; Wen, Gaolin; Ren, Haozhen; Li, Peng; Wang, Jinglin

doi:10.1002/mco2.741

Cited by 75Extracellular vesicles in diseaseNanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryPharmacology and Nanomedicine Research

Applications of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Medicine

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Zhu, Yawen, Zhao, Junqi, Ding, Haoran, Qiu, Mengdi, Xue, Lingling, Ge, Dongxue, Wen, Gaolin, Ren, Haozhen +2 more·2024·MedComm

DOI 10.1002/mco2.741PMC PMC11413507

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Abstract

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising therapeutic agents owing to their natural abundance, accessibility, and unique biological properties. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the therapeutic potential of plant-derived EVs and emphasizes their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and tumor-inhibitory effects. Here, we discussed the advancements in isolation and purification techniques, such as ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography, which are critical for maintaining the functional integrity of these nanovesicles. Next, we investigated the diverse administration routes of EVs and carefully weighed their respective advantages and challenges related to bioavailability and patient compliance. Moreover, we elucidated the multifaceted mechanisms of action of plant-derived EVs, including their roles in anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antitumor activity, and modulation of gut microbiota. We also discussed the impact of EVs on specific diseases such as cancer and inflammatory bowel disease, highlighting the importance of addressing current challenges related to production scalability, regulatory compliance, and immunogenicity. Finally, we proposed future research directions for optimizing EV extraction and developing targeted delivery systems. Through these efforts, we envision the seamless integration of plant-derived EVs into mainstream medicine, offering safe and potent therapeutic alternatives across various medical disciplines.

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Plant-derived EVs can deliver bioactive cargo that can influence multiple skin health pathways simultaneously, including melanogenesis and skin extracellular matrix maintenance.
“There has already been evidence in the literature on plant-derived EVs that indicates their ability to deliver bioactive cargo and cargo packaged within, which can influence multiple skin health pathways simultaneously, including melanogenesis and skin extracellular matrix maintenance [9,10,21].”
From A 28-Day Pilot Study of the Effects on Facial Skin Hydration, Elasticity, and Texture of a Centella asiatica Extracellular Vesicle-Based Skin Care Formulation (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Natural plant-derived EVs section describes delivery of active ingredients through skin and a multipathway therapeutic approach. The Subcutaneous injection section links plant-derived EVs to collagen synthesis and remodeling in skin wound repair, supporting the extracellular-matrix aspect. Neither section establishes an effect on melanogenesis or shows that the named skin pathways are influenced simultaneously. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Compared with conventional plant extracts, EVs offer unique advantages such as membrane-protected cargo stability, targeted uptake by recipient cells, and potential cross-kingdom regulation of gene expression.
“Compared with conventional plant extracts, EVs offer unique advantages such as membrane-protected cargo stability, targeted uptake by recipient cells, and potential cross-kingdom regulation of gene expression [9,21].”
From A 28-Day Pilot Study of the Effects on Facial Skin Hydration, Elasticity, and Texture of a Centella asiatica Extracellular Vesicle-Based Skin Care Formulation (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Introduction says EVs’ stable lipid membranes protect bioactive cargo and describes their cell-membrane traversal and more targeted delivery. The Cancer therapy section reports plant EVs delivering miRNAs to mouse tumor cells, where they regulated a signaling pathway. The paper does not establish that these properties are advantages compared with conventional plant extracts. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Clinical and early human studies using animal- or human-origin exosomes have reported improvements in skin quality and wound repair through angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and anti-inflammatory activities.
“While clinical studies on plant-derived EVs are currently scant, clinical and earlyhuman studies using animal-or human-origin exosomes have reported improvements in skin quality and wound repair through angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and antiinflammatory activities [21,23].”
From A 28-Day Pilot Study of the Effects on Facial Skin Hydration, Elasticity, and Texture of a Centella asiatica Extracellular Vesicle-Based Skin Care Formulation (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Therapeutic Potential in Specific Diseases section says clinical trials have predominantly focused on mammalian EVs. The Subcutaneous Injection section describes neovascularization, collagen synthesis, and inflammation modulation as advantages for skin wound repair, but discusses plant-derived EVs rather than reported outcomes from animal- or human-origin exosomes. Our copy does not substantiate the claimed improvements in skin quality or wound repair in clinical or early human studies. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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[203]Zhu H, Chang M, Wang Q, Chen J, Liu D, He W. Identifying the potential of miRNAs in Houttuynia cordata‐derived exosome‐like nanoparticles against respiratory RNA viruses. Int J Nanomedicine. 2023; 18: 5983‐ 6000. 37901360 PMC10612503

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Authors: Zhu, Y., Zhao, J., Ding, H., Qiu, M., Xue, L., Ge, D., Wen, G., Ren, H., Li, P., & Wang, J.
Affiliations: Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
Jiangsu Province Hospital (CN)
Corresponding author: Ren, Haozhen
Li, Peng
Wang, Jinglin
ORCID: Zhao, Junqi
Ding, Haoran
Qiu, Mengdi
Ren, Haozhen
Li, Peng
Wang, Jinglin
Venue: MedComm
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2024-09-20
Volume: 5
Issue: 10
Pages: e741-e741
ISSN: 2688-2663 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/mco2.741
PMC: PMC11413507
OpenAlex: W4402688701
Cited by: 75
References: 227
Citations by year: 2026: 44 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 2
FWCI: 3.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: MedComm (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270646, 82100664, 82070438)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Drug Discovery › Pharmacology and Nanomedicine Research
Keywords: plant-derived extracellular vesicles, extracellular vesicles, anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, antioxidant activity, gut microbiota modulation, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer therapy, route of administration, bioavailability, immunogenicity, targeted delivery systems, production scalability

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