Comparison of aerobic exercise, diet or both on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
Objective Given that previous studies have reached conflicting conclusions regarding the effects of diet (D), aerobic exercise (E) or both (DE) on blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in adults, the meta-analytic approach was used to address this issue.Data sources Nine electronic databases, cross-referencing, and expert review.Study selection Randomized controlled trials ≥ 4 weeks that included a D, E, DE and control (C) group in adults ≥ 18 years of age and in which data for one or more of the following were available: total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG).Data extraction Dual data extraction by the first two authors.Statistical analysis Random-effects models as well as mixed-effects models for between-group differences.Results Seven-hundred and eighty-eight men and women from 6 studies were included. Non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals were observed for D and DE with respect to lowering TC, LDL-C and TG while reductions in E were limited to TG. No significant changes in HDL-C were observed. When compared to E, reductions in TC and LDL-C were greater for D and DE (p < 0.05 for all).Conclusions Diet, especially DE, are superior to E for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults.
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Endurance exercise augments visceral fat loss.
“Endurance exercise, on the contrary, has been shown to prevent the loss of lean mass, increase HDL cholesterol, decrease the proportion of small HDL particles, and augment visceral fat loss (10).”
From Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans (2013) · cites this paper as [10]
Endurance exercise decreases the proportion of small HDL particles.
“Endurance exercise, on the contrary, has been shown to prevent the loss of lean mass, increase HDL cholesterol, decrease the proportion of small HDL particles, and augment visceral fat loss (10).”
From Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans (2013) · cites this paper as [10]
Endurance exercise increases HDL cholesterol.
“Endurance exercise, on the contrary, has been shown to prevent the loss of lean mass, increase HDL cholesterol, decrease the proportion of small HDL particles, and augment visceral fat loss (10).”
From Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans (2013) · cites this paper as [10]
Endurance exercise prevents the loss of lean mass.
“Endurance exercise, on the contrary, has been shown to prevent the loss of lean mass, increase HDL cholesterol, decrease the proportion of small HDL particles, and augment visceral fat loss (10).”
From Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans (2013) · cites this paper as [10]
HDL cholesterol may need more than 16 weeks of endurance training to change.
“Evidence suggests that HDL cholesterol may require >16 weeks to be altered with endurance training (10).”
From Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans (2013) · cites this paper as [10]
The 12-week trial may have been too short to detect changes in plasma lipids.
“First, our trial duration (12 weeks) may have not been long enough to observe changes in plasma lipids (10).”
From Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans (2013) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. S., Roberts, S., & Haskell, W.
- Affiliations
- West Virginia University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kelley, George A.
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 156-167
- ISSN
- 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3311746
- OpenAlex
- W1964173592
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL069802)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- aerobic exercise, dietary intervention, combined diet and exercise, serum lipids, lipoproteins, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, dyslipidemia, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diet, Female, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Triglycerides, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Databases, Factual, Treatment Outcome
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