The DOI matches its Crossref record; 213 of the 213 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 18 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence
Open accessAbstract
We report the current best estimate of the effects of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the treatment of major depression (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD).
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Claims the paper makes
41 Own result · 18 Own interpretation · 5 No full text of the sources · 5 Own method · 4 No basis given · 3 Partly supported · 2 Supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“After adding the effect sizes of these unpublished trials to those of the published ones, the mean effect size for psychotherapy dropped by more than 25%.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > (World Psychiatry 2016;15:245-258)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [15] 15. Driessen E, Hollon SD, Bockting CLH et al. Does publication bias inflate the apparent efficacy of psychological treatment for major depressive disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of US National Institutes of Health-funded trials. PLoS One 2015;10:e0137864. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Adjusting for study publication bias; page unavailable) report that adding unpublished trials reduced the pooled psychotherapy effect-size estimate from g = 0.52 to g = 0.39. The paper describes this overall reduction as 25%, not more than 25%. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a recent study found that almost one quarter of trials of psychotherapy for adult depression funded by the US National Institutes of Health were not published 15 .”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > (World Psychiatry 2016;15:245-258)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Driessen E, Hollon SD, Bockting CLH et al. Does publication bias inflate the apparent efficacy of psychological treatment for major depressive disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of US National Institutes of Health-funded trials. PLoS One 2015;10:e0137864. source
The Abstract (Methods and Findings) reports that 13 of 55 NIH-funded grants that began psychotherapy trials for major depressive disorder did not result in publications—23.6%, or almost one quarter. The Introduction specifies that the trials concerned adult or geriatric patients. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There is considerable indirect evidence of publication bias in psychotherapy research, based on excess publication of small studies with large effect sizes 16 .”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > (World Psychiatry 2016;15:245-258)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] 16. Cuijpers P, Smit F, Bohlmeijer E et al. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy and other psychological treatments for adult depression: meta- analytic study of publication bias. Br J Psychiatry 2010;196:173-8. source
In “Indicators of publication bias in the full sample,” the funnel plot shows smaller studies with lower effect sizes missing, and statistical tests give highly significant indicators of publication bias. The Discussion describes these as strong indications in controlled studies of psychotherapy for adult depression, supporting the claim’s characterization of indirect evidence. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“However, this was a relatively small drop compared to that reported in other studies on publication bias in psychotherapies for MDD 15,18,184 .”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Driessen E, Hollon SD, Bockting CLH et al. Does publication bias inflate the apparent efficacy of psychological treatment for major depressive disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of US National Institutes of Health-funded trials. PLoS One 2015;10:e0137864. source
The Results table reports a 25% reduction in the effect-size estimate for psychological treatment versus controls after unpublished studies were included. The Introduction reports a 37% reduction in an earlier study of psychological treatments for depression, supporting the characterization of this paper’s drop as relatively small by comparison. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E et al. The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med 2010;40:211-23. source
- Supportedcites [184] 184. Cuijpers P, Berking M, Andersson G et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive- behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments. Can J Psychiatry 2013;58:376-85. source
The cited study reports a publication-bias-adjusted effect-size drop for CBT in adult depression, providing one of the comparison results invoked by the citing sentence. In “CBT, Compared With Control Condition” (p. 6), the effect size falls from g = 0.71 to g = 0.53. Describing the citing study’s own drop as relatively small is the citing authors’ comparison, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Psychological treatments are equally effective in the treatment of depression 8 and anxiety disorders [9][10][11] .”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > (World Psychiatry 2016;15:245-258)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL et al. The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta- analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry 2013;12:137-48. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports no significant overall difference between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy across the depressive and anxiety disorders studied (p. 2). But the Discussion (pp. 10–11) identifies differences for particular disorders, notably psychotherapy’s greater efficacy in OCD. The unqualified claim of equal effectiveness across depression and anxiety disorders therefore overstates the findings. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites [9][10][11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In PAD and SAD, we found few indications of publication bias.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first problem, publication bias, mostly affected the outcomes of CBT for GAD and MDD.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We evaluated the quality by the Cochrane”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference between studies using a waiting list (g50.96) and either care-as-usual (g50.27) or pill placebo (g50.28) was significant (p<0.001).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on PAD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled effect size of the 31 comparisons between CBT and control conditions in GAD was g50.80 (95% CI: 0.67-0.93;NNT53.58), with low to moderate heterogeneity (I 2 533)”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on GAD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Dozens of trials and several meta-analyses have shown that CBT is effective in treating depression 8,14 and anxiety disorders [9][10][11] .”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > (World Psychiatry 2016;15:245-258)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] 8. Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL et al. The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta- analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry 2013;12:137-48. source
The introduction (p. 2) describes psychotherapy as an efficacious treatment for depressive and anxiety disorders and cites earlier meta-analyses. The Characteristics of included studies (p. 8) reports dozens of studies across both disorder groups, with CBT accounting for 49 of 78 psychotherapy comparisons. The paper assesses CBT largely through comparisons with medication rather than against no treatment, but its discussion (p. 10) reports small to nonexistent differences for major depression, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [14] 14. Barth J, Munder T, Gerger H et al. Comparative efficacy of seven psycho- therapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta- analysis. PLoS Med 2013;10:e1001454. source
The citation to this source is attached to the depression portion of the sentence, not the anxiety-disorders portion. The Results report that CBT was investigated in 139 studies, and the Discussion’s Conclusions report robust effects for CBT in larger trials. The Introduction also describes prior meta-analyses of CBT for depression. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites [9][10][11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 11 of the 63 studies were rated as being high-quality.The effect size in these studies was similar to that in the total pool (g50.73;95% CI: 0.46-1.00;I 2 578).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Figure 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 25 trials (17.4%) met all four quality criteria, 62 met two or three criteria, and the remaining 57 met one or none of the criteria.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 144 trials included a total of 184 comparisons between CBT and a control condition (63 comparisons for MDD, 31 for GAD, 42 for PAD, and 48 for SAD).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Characteristics of included trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 11,030 patients were enrolled (6,229 in the CBT groups, 2,469 in the waiting list control groups, 1,823 in the care-as-usual groups and 509 in the pill placebo groups).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Characteristics of included trials
plainn = 11,030- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure did not indicate any missing studies and therefore the adjusted and unadjusted effect sizes were the same.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on PAD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For GAD, it was estimated that about one quarter of the studies were missing and, after adjusting for these missing studies, the effect size dropped from g50.80 to g50.59.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of all included trials, 44 (30.6%) were conducted in 2010 or later.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Characteristics of included trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 9 of the 31 studies were rated as high-quality, and 8 of these used a waiting list control group, so the effects of careas-usual and pill placebo among high-quality studies could not be estimated.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on GAD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies using a waiting list control group had significantly (p50.002)larger effect sizes (g50.98;95% CI: 0.80-1.17)than those using care-as-usual (g50.60;95% CI: 0.45-0.75)and pill placebo control groups (g50.55;95% CI: 0.28-0.81)”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on MDD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure also indicated considerable publication bias (number of imputed studies: 8; adjusted effect size: g50.65; 95% CI: 0.53-0.78;I 2 576).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Figure 1
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only eight studies were rated as high-quality, and five of these used a waiting list control group.This implies that for SAD there are not enough high-quality studies to assess the effects of CBT compared to care-as-usual or pill placebo.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on SAD
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the trials conducted in 2010 or later, 29.5% were rated as high-quality, compared to 12.0% of the older studies.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Quality assessment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure did not indicate missing studies and the adjusted and unadjusted effect sizes were the same.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on SAD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The four high-quality studies all used a waiting list control group and resulted in an effect size of g50.61 (95% CI: 0.27-0.96).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on PAD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 144 trials met inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis: 54 on MDD, 24 on GAD, 30 on PAD, and 36 on SAD.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Selection and inclusion of trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For MDD, 14% of the studies were missing, and the pooled effect size dropped from g50.75 to g50.65.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies using a pill placebo control group (g51.32) had a significantly (p<0.001)larger effect than those using a waiting list (g50.85) or care-as-usual control group (g50.45).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on GAD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that the overall effects for all four disorders were large, ranging from g50.75 for MDD to g50.80 for GAD, g50.81 for PAD, and g50.88 for SAD.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 17.4% of the included trials were considered to be high-quality, and this mostly affected the outcomes for PAD (g50.61) and SAD (g50.76).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that the vast majority of studies for the three anxiety disorders used a waiting list control group (77.4% of the comparisons for GAD, 78.6% for PAD, and 83.3% for SAD).”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, 29.5% of the studies conducted in 2010 or later were rated as high-quality, while that was true for only 12.0% of the older studies.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that the effects are large when the control condition is waiting list, but small to moderate when it is care-as-usual or pill placebo”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 80% of trials in anxiety disorders used waiting list control groups, and the few studies using other control groups pointed at much smaller effect sizes for CBT.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of 115 trials of psychotherapy for depression, only 11 met all basic indicators of quality, and the effect sizes of these trials were considerably smaller than those of lower quality ones 18 .”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > (World Psychiatry 2016;15:245-258)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E et al. The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med 2010;40:211-23. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conclude that CBT is probably effective in the treatment of MDD, GAD, PAD and SAD”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assessment of the quality of included studies was conducted by two independent researchers, and disagreements were solved through discussion.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Quality assessment and data extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in recent years, it has become clear that the effects of CBT and other psychotherapies have been considerably overestimated due to at least three reasons.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > (World Psychiatry 2016;15:245-258)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Publication bias mostly affected the outcomes of CBT in GAD (adjusted g50.59) and MDD (adjusted g50.65), but not those in PAD and SAD.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Psychological placebo conditions were not included, because they have considerable effects on depression 24 and probably also on anxiety disorders 19 .”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Identification and selection of studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] 24. Cuijpers P, Driessen E, Hollon SD et al. The efficacy of non-directive sup- portive therapy for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2012;32:280-91. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] 19. Mohr DC, Spring B, Freedland KE et al. The selection and design of con- trol conditions for randomized controlled trials of psychological inter- ventions. Psychother Psychosom 2009;78:275-84. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because of the small number of high-quality trials, these effects are still uncertain and should be considered with caution.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One possible limitation is that we used strict inclusion criteria, only focusing on trials in which patients met diagnostic criteria for the disorder according to a structured interview and trials in which either a waiting list, care-as-usual or pill placebo control group was used.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study has several strengths, including the broad scope of the meta-analyses, covering four common mental disorders, the rigorous selection and assessment of the trials, and their relatively large number.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Waiting list is probably a”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. Furukawa TA, Noma H, Caldwell DM et al. Waiting list may be a nocebo condition in psychotherapy trials: a contribution from network meta- analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;130:181-92. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 2, very few predictors were significant in these analyses, possibly because of the relatively small number of studies per disorder and the relatively large number of predictors.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Multivariate meta-regression analyses
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we only focused on shortterm outcomes, because only few studies reported long-term outcomes and the follow-up periods differed considerably.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the small number of high-quality studies, these effects are still uncertain and should be considered with caution.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, care-as-usual control groups can vary considerably depending on the country and the treatment setting where the therapy is offered, and may therefore be too heterogeneous to allow a reliable assessment of the effects across studies.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of our data, we conclude that CBT is probably effective in the treatment of MDD, GAD, PAD and SAD, and that the effects are large when compared to waiting list control groups, but small to moderate when compared to more conservative control groups, such as care-as-usual and pill placebo.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is a substantial evidence for the efficacy of such targeted treatments 64-66 , and they are recommended as first-line psychological treatments for anxiety and related disorders in several guidelines, including those by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 67 .”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“whilst the pharmacological [35,36] and psychotherapeutic approaches [37,38] are helpful for many, they do not result in full remission in all patients.”
From Exercise as Medicine for Mental and Substance Use Disorders: A Meta-review of the Benefits for Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses 54,60,61 confirm findings from many prior ones 120-122 that when delivered to adults without cancer, CBT in particular, behavior therapy (BT), and BA are the most efficacious treatments for treating MDD.”
From Management of Anxiety and Depression in Adult Survivors of Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update (2023) · cites this paper as [121]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other meta-analyses have shown that evidence-based psychotherapies have large effect sizes on GAD outcomes. 3”
From Generalized anxiety disorder: 8 studies of psychosocial interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These meta-analyses further suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in treating GAD.”
From Psychological interventions for generalized anxiety disorder: Effects and predictors in a naturalistic outpatient setting (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The effect sizes found in the current study were unusually large and contrasted with the weighted effect sizes found in a meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and ACT for major depression and GAD (e.g. Cuijpers et al., 2016; Bai et al., 2020).”
From A Multiple-Baseline Evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Focused on Repetitive Negative Thinking for Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cuijpers et al., 2016
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Researchers in this field often start by conducting a ran domized controlled trial (RCT), sometimes referred to as a”
From Internet-delivered psychological treatments: from innovation to implementation (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Use of waitlist controls might inadvertently and artificially inflate effect sizes for both anxiety and depression outcomes39,40.”
From The effectiveness of virtual reality based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > DISCUSSION
“This was confirmed in our metaanalysis, in which we found for each of the disorders that studies with a waiting list control group resulted in significantly higher effect sizes than those with a care-as-usual or pill placebo control group.”
§ How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence > Effects of CBT on GAD
“Studies using a pill placebo control group (g51.32) had a significantly (p<0.001)larger effect than those using a waiting list (g50.85) or care-as-usual control group (g50.45).”
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationInternet-delivered psychological treatments: from innovation to implementation
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“(6) found that about 54% of total trials for depression (about 34 trials) and about 20% of total trials for anxiety (about 25) met the criteria for a strong comparison (i.”
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“Studies were also imported from the extant meta-analyses (Cuijpers et al., 2016; Hidalgo et al., 2007).”
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“22.”
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“Nondirective therapy has been shown to be moderately effective in the treatment of depression in adults (18).”
BackgroundMoreno-Peral, P., Conejo-Cerón, S., Rubio-Valera, M., Fernández, A., Navas-Campaña, D., Rodríguez-Morejón, A., Motrico, E., Rigabert, A., Luna, J. D. D., Martín-Pérez, C., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2509 · Cited by 115
“The pooled effect size obtained for prevention of anxiety is modest compared with the sizes observed in treatments for anxietydisorders.(65)Although thepreventive fraction that derived from thepooled effect size thatweobtained (OR,0.”
ResultDiet, Sleep, and Mental Health: Insights from the UK Biobank Study
Hepsomali, P., & Groeger, J. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082573 · Cited by 134
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Negative effects of psychotherapies for adult depression: A meta-analysis of deterioration rates
Cuijpers, P., Reijnders, M., Karyotaki, E., de Wit, L., & Ebert, D. D. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.050 · Cited by 105
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Ormel (2019) · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000505 · Cited by 102
Khazanov, G. K., Xu, C., Dunn, B. D., Cohen, Z. D., DeRubeis, R. J., & Hollon, S. D. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103507 · Cited by 96
“Cognitive therapy is an equally effective treatment, and is the most extensively tested form of psychotherapy for depression (Cuijpers et al., 2016; DeRubeis, Siegle, & Hollon, 2008).”
BackgroundHvenegaard, M., Møeller, S. B., Poulsen, S., Gondan, M., Grafton, B., Austin, S. F., Kistrup, M., Rosenberg, N. G., Howard, H., & Watkins, E. R. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003835 · Cited by 93
“Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a recommended psychological treatment for unipolar depression with many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) providing evidence for its efficacy (DeRubeis et al., 2005; Cuijpers et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTransdiagnostic treatment of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P., Miguel, C., Ciharova, M., Ebert, D., Harrer, M., & Karyotaki, E. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003841 · Cited by 96
“Most of these treatments focus on one specific disorder and the large majority of randomised trials examining the effects of these treatments have also focused on one specific disorder (Cuijpers, Cristea, Karyotaki, Reijnders, & Huibers, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGreenway, K. T., Garel, N., Jerome, L., & Feduccia, A. A. (2020) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2020.1772054 · Cited by 94
“Benefits of psychotherapy, like antidepressants, typically appear after several weeks of treatment [66,67,76], but are more likely to persist post-treatment [77].”
BackgroundRigabert, A., Motrico, E., Moreno-Peral, P., Resurrección, D. M., Conejo-Cerón, S., Cuijpers, P., Martín-Gómez, C., López-Del-Hoyo, Y., & Bellón, J. Á. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101931 · Cited by 92
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Efficacy of bio- and neurofeedback for depression: a meta-analysis
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“Although psychotherapy (Cuijpers, Cristea, Karyotaki, Reijnders, & Huibers, 2016), psy-chopharmacology (Cipriani et al., 2018) and the combination of the previous two (Craighead & Dunlop, 2014) have shown to be efficacious, there is still much room for improvement.”
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Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central extended amygdala
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“First, women prefer psychotherapy to medication (Cuijpers et al., 2016).”
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“14 Currently, several clinical guidelines recommend that psychological treatments are still considered the mainstay of treatments for depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.”
Lindner, P., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00792 · Cited by 90
“CBT is demonstrably effective in reducing depressive symptoms (6) and has proven remarkably flexible in terms of format: in addition to the traditional therapist-led format, Internet-delivered CBT self-help, with or without guidance, is also an evidence-based intervention for depression (7).”
BackgroundPanagou, C., & MacBeth, A. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2732 · Cited by 102
“There is evidence for key mediating processes, such as social support, emotion regulation, and cognitive processes, coping strategies, self-esteem and attachment, that could be Cuijpers et al., 2016) or form the basis of stand-alone interventions.”
BackgroundBhattacharya, S., Goicoechea, C., Heshmati, S., Carpenter, J. K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2023) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01402-8 · Cited by 82
Translational machine learning for psychiatric neuroimaging
Walter, M., Alizadeh, S., Jamalabadi, H., Lueken, U., Dannlowski, U., Walter, H., Olbrich, S., Čolić, L., Kambeitz, J. P., Koutsouleris, N., et al. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.09.014 · Cited by 84
“…serves as a first-line treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders, is on the one hand a highly efficient treatment with large effect sizes (Cuijpers et al., 2016; Hofmann & Smits, 2008), but on the other hand, a significant proportion of patients drop out early, do not show sufficient…”
Ebert, D. D., Harrer, M., Apolinário-Hagen, J., & Baumeister, H. (2019) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_29 · Cited by 76
Psychotherapies for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Adults
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Self-citationGhielen, I., Rutten, S., Boeschoten, R. E., Houniet-de Gier, M., van Wegen, E. E. H., van den Heuvel, O. A., & Cuijpers, P. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.05.001 · Cited by 74
Self-citationCannabidiol for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders in Young People
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Financial Strain and Physical and Emotional Quality of Life in Breast Cancer
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“These are considered “medium” effects [28], comparable to the magnitude reported in recent metaanalyses for the impact of common mental health treatments on emotional quality of life [29, 30], and larger than the effect sizes reported for the impact of palliative cancer care interventions on physical quality of life […”
ResultBarry, D. T., Beitel, M., Cutter, C. J., Fiellin, D. A., Kerns, R. D., Moore, B. A., Oberleitner, L., Madden, L. M., Liong, C., Ginn, J., et al. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.015 · Cited by 81
“(Barry et al., 2016; Cuijpers et al., 2016), both alone and when combined with medications.”
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Haukaas, R. B., Gjerde, I. B., Varting, G., Hallan, H. E., & Solem, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00827 · Cited by 68
“However, meta-analyses indicate that the effect of common psychotherapies including CBT has probably been overestimated (Cuijpers et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBernard, P., Romain, A. J., Caudroit, J., Chevance, G., Carayol, M., Gourlan, M., Dancause, K. N., & Moullec, G. (2018) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000578 · Cited by 73
Ruiz, F. J., Flórez, C. L., García-Martín, M. B., Monroy-Cifuentes, A., Barreto-Montero, K., García-Beltrán, D. M., Riaño-Hernández, D., Sierra, M. A., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., Cardona-Betancourt, V., et al. (2018) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.04.004 · Cited by 65
The evidence for physical activity in the management of major mental illnesses
Ashdown‐Franks, G., Sabiston, C. M., & Stubbs, B. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000526 · Cited by 71
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Mental Disorders in Adults
Cuijpers, P. J., Harrer, M., Miguel, C., Čihařová, M., Papola, D., Basic, D., Botella, C., Cristea, I. A., de Ponti, N., Donker, T., et al. (2025) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.0482 · Cited by 91
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Uppendahl, J. R., Alözkan, C., Cuijpers, P. J., de Vries, R., & Sijbrandij, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00933 · Cited by 73
“In high income countries, psychotherapies have been found to be effective in treating common mental disorders (9, 10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStein, D. J., Craske, M. G., Rothbaum, B. O., Chamberlain, S. R., Fineberg, N. A., Choi, K. W., de Jonge, P., Baldwin, D. S., & Maj, M. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20919 · Cited by 60
Fatigue as the Chief Complaint
Maisel, P., Baum, E., & Donner‐Banzhoff, N. (2021) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0192 · Cited by 73
Cuijpers, P. J., Miguel, C., Harrer, M., Čihařová, M., & Karyotaki, E. (2024) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796024000611 · Cited by 57
“…of these trials typically show that the effect sizes of therapies are larger when they are compared to WL control groups, compared to trials in which the therapies are compared to other control groups (Cuijpers et al. , 2016; Furukawa et al. , 2014; Hesser et al. , 2011; Michopoulos et al. , 2021).”
Self-citationPapola, D., Ostuzzi, G., Tedeschi, F., Gastaldon, C., Purgato, M., Giovane, C. D., Pompoli, A., Pauley, D., Karyotaki, E., Sijbrandij, M., et al. (2021) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.148 · Cited by 63
Self-citationReduced return of threat expectancy after counterconditioning versus extinction
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Chen, T.-R., Huang, H., Hsu, J., Ouyang, W.-C., & Lin, K. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.08.014 · Cited by 64
“…Brown et al., 2015; Butler et al., 1991; Bystritsky et al., 2008; Casacchia et al., 1990; Chen, 2006; Christensen et al., 2014; Conrad et al., 2008; Dahlin et al., 2016; Davidson et al., 2004; Davidson et al., 1999; Dimitriou et al., 1992; Dugas et al., 2003; Dugas et al., 2010; Durgam et al.,…”
BackgroundRayner, C., Coleman, J. R. I., Purves, K. L., Hodsoll, J. P., Goldsmith, K., Alpers, G. W., Andersson, E., Arolt, V., Boberg, J., Bögels, S. M., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0481-y · Cited by 57
Toward a paradigm shift in treatment and research of mental disorders
Leichsenring, F., Steinert, C., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002265 · Cited by 55
“…be fully double-blind), other shortcomings in study design, financial conflicts (e.g. industry funding) and spontaneous remission due to the natural course of mental disorders (Ioannidis, 2005, 2008; Cuijpers et al., 2014, 2016; Huhn et al., 2014; Leichsenring et al., 2017; Cipriani et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialElements of the therapeutic relationship in CBT for anxiety disorders: A systematic review
Luong, H. K., Drummond, S. P. A., & Norton, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102322 · Cited by 60
Hengartner, M. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00256 · Cited by 57
“However, waitlist designs do not only produce larger efficacy estimates than trials with placebo or routine care comparator (Cuijpers et al., 2016), they may even impede or postpone spontaneous remission (Furukawa et al., 2014), which is referred to as a nocebo effect.”
BackgroundEnticott, J., Dawadi, S., Shawyer, F., Inder, B., Fossey, E. M., Teede, H. J., Rosenberg, S. P., Ozols, I., & Meadows, G. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.815904 · Cited by 59
“For instance, a range of antidepressant medications can be found to consistently improve outcomes of depression (53), while the same can be said for many forms of psychotherapy in treatment of anxiety, depression, and other common mental health problems (54).”
BackgroundA Gamified Smartphone-Based Intervention for Depression: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Lukas, C. A., Eskofier, B., & Berking, M. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/16643 · Cited by 49
“Fortunately, there is ample evidence for the efficacy of psychotherapeutic treatments for depression [3].”
BackgroundSchrammen, E., Roesmann, K., Rosenbaum, D., Redlich, R., Harenbrock, J., Dannlowski, U., & Leehr, E. J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104895 · Cited by 54
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“To analyze clinically significant changes produced by the intervention, the Bayesian framework for SCED suggested by de Vries et al. (2016) was adopted.”
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Kappelmann, N., Rein, M., Fietz, J., Mayberg, H. S., Craighead, W. E., Dunlop, B. W., Nemeroff, C. B., Keller, M. B., Klein, D. N., Arnow, B. A., et al. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01623-9 · Cited by 51
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“The notion that the effects of psychotherapy for depression are overestimated due to biases is supported by previous similar work from the same research group (Cuijpers et al., 2016), as well as by independent research (Dragioti et al.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationDifferent components of cognitive-behavioral therapy affect specific cognitive mechanisms
Norbury, A., Hauser, T. U., Fleming, S. M., Dolan, R. J., & Huys, Q. J. M. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk3222 · Cited by 63
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Health Technology Assessment.
(2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 44
“Gold Standards,” Plurality and Monocultures: The Need for Diversity in Psychotherapy
Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A. A., Hilsenroth, M. J., Luyten, P., Münder, T., Rabung, S., & Steinert, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00159 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. H.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Babeș-Bolyai University (RO)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-09-22
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 245-258
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC5032489
- OpenAlex
- W2522867222
- Semantic Scholar
- c3394bb499422118f0a59876c9a5e69800873bd2
- Cited by
- 572
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 70.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders, treatment efficacy, waiting list control group, publication bias, trial quality, placebo comparison
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