Toward a theory of visual consciousness.

Zeki, S.; Bartels, A.

doi:10.1006/ccog.1999.0390

Cited by 271Visual perception and processing mechanismsPhilosophy and Theoretical ScienceMultisensory perception and integration

Toward a theory of visual consciousness.

Zeki, S., Bartels, A.·1999·Consciousness and Cognition

DOI 10.1006/ccog.1999.0390

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Abstract

The visual brain consists of several parallel, functionally specialized processing systems, each having several stages (nodes) which terminate their tasks at different times; consequently, simultaneously presented attributes are perceived at the same time if processed at the same node and at different times if processed by different nodes. Clinical evidence shows that these processing systems can act fairly autonomously. Damage restricted to one system compromises specifically the perception of the attribute that that system is specialized for; damage to a given node of a processing system that leaves earlier nodes intact results in a degraded perceptual capacity for the relevant attribute, which is directly related to the physiological capacities of the cells left intact by the damage. By contrast, a system that is spared when all others are damaged can function more or less normally. Moreover, internally created visual percepts-illusions, afterimages, imagery, and hallucinations-activate specifically the nodes specialized for the attribute perceived. Finally, anatomical evidence shows that there is no final integrator station in the brain, one which receives input from all visual areas; instead, each node has multiple outputs and no node is recipient only. Taken together, the above evidence leads us to propose that each node of a processing-perceptual system creates its own microconsciousness. We propose that, if any binding occurs to give us our integrated image of the visual world, it must be a binding between microconsciousnesses generated at different nodes. Since any two microconsciousnesses generated at any two nodes can be bound together, perceptual integration is not hierarchical, but parallel and postconscious. By contrast, the neural machinery conferring properties on those cells whose activity has a conscious correlate is hierarchical, and we refer to it as generative binding, to distinguish it from the binding that might occur between the microconsciousnesses.

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Zeki and Bartels' theory holds that consciousness manifests in the brain as nested hierarchies.
“Such a hierarchical view of consciousness represents the basis of Zeki and Bartel’s (Zeki and Bartels, 1999; Zeki, 2003) theory of how consciousness manifests in the brain.”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Zeki and Bartels, 1999

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Authors: Zeki, S., & Bartels, A.
Affiliations: UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
Max Planck Society (DE)
Corresponding author: Zeki, S.
ORCID: Zeki, S.
Bartels, A.
Venue: Consciousness and Cognition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1999-06
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 225-259
ISSN: 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1006/ccog.1999.0390
OpenAlex: W2119948735
Cited by: 271
References: 161
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 4.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
Keywords: visual awareness, parallel processing systems, perceptual integration, binding problem, visual cortex, optical illusions, afterimages, visual imagery, hallucinations
MeSH terms: Agnosia, Consciousness, Humans, Time Factors, Visual Cortex

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Toward a theory of visual consciousness.

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