Consciousness cannot be separated from function
Abstract
Numerous theories of consciousness hold that there are separate neural correlates of conscious experience and cognitive function, aligning with the assumption that there are 'hard' and 'easy' problems of consciousness. Here, we argue that any neurobiological theory based on an experience/function division cannot be empirically confirmed or falsified and is thus outside the scope of science. A 'perfect experiment' illustrates this point, highlighting the unbreachable boundaries of the scientific study of consciousness. We describe a more nuanced notion of cognitive access that captures personal experience without positing the existence of inaccessible conscious states. Finally, we discuss the criteria necessary for forming and testing a falsifiable theory of consciousness.
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The majority of respondents do not adhere to a fully functionalist interpretation of consciousness.
“This suggests that the majority of respondents do not adhere to a fully functionalist interpretation of consciousness (Dennett 1991; Cohen and Dennett 2011), although respondents are divided about this issue.”
From An academic survey on theoretical foundations, common assumptions and the current state of consciousness science (2022) · cites this paper as Cohen and Dennett 2011
This may explain the historical affinity between Active Inference based accounts of consciousness and Global Workspace Theory.
“This may explain the historical affinity between Active Inference based accounts of consciousness and Global Workspace Theory (Hohwy, 2013; Whyte, 2019), which identifies access consciousness as the primary (and perhaps exclusive) explanandum for the science of consciousness (Cohen & Dennett, 2011; Dehaene et al., 2006; Naccache, 2018).”
From Integrated information and predictive processing theories of consciousness: An adversarial collaborative review (2026) · cites this paper as Cohen & Dennett, 2011
For this reason, IIT does not regard functional (or behavioural) properties as reliable indicators or satisfying explanations of consciousness.
“For this reason, IIT does not regard functional (or behavioural) properties as reliable indicators or satisfying explanations of consciousness (Ellia et al., 2021; Tononi & Koch, 2015; cf. Cohen & Dennett, 2011).”
From Integrated information and predictive processing theories of consciousness: An adversarial collaborative review (2026) · cites this paper as Cohen & Dennett, 2011
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- Authors
- Cohen, M. A., & Dennett, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Michael A.
- Dennett, Daniel C.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 358-364
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049524306
- Cited by
- 542
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Keywords
- consciousness, hard problem of consciousness, neural correlates of consciousness, subjective experience, cognitive function, falsifiability, cognitive access, personal experience, theory of consciousness
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Consciousness, Humans, Models, Biological
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