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The mind's eye – precuneus activation in memory-related imagery
Open accessAbstract
We examined brain activity associated with visual imagery at episodic memory retrieval using positron emission tomography (PET). Twelve measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were taken in six right-handed, healthy, male volunteers. During six measurements, they were engaged in the cued recall of imageable verbal paired associates. During the other six measurements, they recalled nonimageable paired associates. Memory performance was equalized across all word lists. The subjects' use of an increased degree of visual imagery during the recall of imageable paired associates was confirmed using subjective rating scales after each scan. Memory-related imagery was associated with significant activation of a medial parietal area, the precuneus. This finding confirms a previously stated hypothesis about the precuneus and provides strong evidence that it is a key part of the neural substate of visual imagery occurring in conscious memory recall.
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“Notably, these regions have been linked previously with episodic imagery, contextual detail and scene construction processes important to both past and future events (Fletcher et al., 1995;Bar and Aminoff, 2003;Okuda et al., 2003;Hassabis and Maguire, 2007;Hassabis et al., 2007a;Szpunar et al., 2009;Andrews-Hanna et al., 2010).”
From Considering the role of semantic memory in episodic future thinking: evidence from semantic dementia (2012) · cites this paper as Fletcher et al., 1995
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“In a landmark PET study, Fletcher et al. (1995) used a mnemonic strategy during retrieval to test a hypothesis about the possible relationship of precuneus activity to visual imagery.”
BackgroundMethodImaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598
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“…processes to guide mental image, having been associated with the image- accurate navigation probably accounts for the right hipability of the products of retrieval (Fletcher et al., 1995), pocampus involvement in accurate large-scale navigawhile the continuous strip of activation seen between tion.”
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“The precuneus, which supports episodic imagery (Fletcher et al., 1995), was also expected to be active primarily during elaboration, and indeed the left precuneus exhibited this pattern of responsiveness .”
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“, but theoretical debates focused more on the role of the precuneus in mental imagery”
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“As we noted, the precuneus has been labelled the ‘mind’s eye’ (Fletcher et al. 1995) A unified account based on multiple trace theory, M. Moscovitch et al. © Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2005 51 and its involvement in imagery and episodic memory is well-established (Cabeza &…”
BackgroundMethodTHE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY
Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.289 · Cited by 827
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Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00168-9 · Cited by 579
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“Fletcher et al. (1995) have shown increased activity in this region during retrieval of verbal stimuli associated with visual imagery and hypothesized that the precuneus is part of the neural substrate for visual imagery in conscious memory recall.”
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Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Aerts, J. J., Peters, J., Luxen, A., & Franck, G. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-08-02807.1997 · Cited by 512
“, 1993) and may serve as a visual imagery buffer (Fletcher et al., 1995) in memory tasks (Petrides et al.”
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Malouin, F., Richards, C. L., Jackson, P. L., Dumas, F., & Doyon, J. (2003) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10103 · Cited by 498
“Therefore, it is conceivable that the bilateral activity seen in the precuneus is related to its role in visuo-spatial processing [Fletcher et al., 1995], and in the imagination of con- Figure 5.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTransition of Brain Activation from Frontal to Parietal Areas in Visuomotor Sequence Learning
Sakai, K., Hikosaka, O., Miyauchi, S., Takino, R., Sasaki, Y., & Pütz, B. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-05-01827.1998 · Cited by 474
“The prolonged activation of the right DL PFC compared with the left is consistent with the idea that the former subserves retrieval processes, whereas the latter subserves encoding processes (Petrides et al., 1993b; Shallice et al., 1994; T ulving et al., 1994; Fletcher et al., 1995a, 1996).”
ResultCabeza, R. E. L., Dolcos, F., Graham, R., & Nyberg, L. H. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1063 · Cited by 466
“The precuneus is frequently activated during ER (e.g., Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Rugg and Henson, in press), possibly reflecting imagery processes ( Fletcher et al., 1995a, b; see, however, Buckner et al., 1996; Krause et al., 1999).”
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“The precuneus has been implicated in general episodic memory processes [Krause et al., 1999], memory retrieval [Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000] as well as mental imagery [Fletcher et al., 1995].”
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“Notably, these regions have been linked previously with episodic imagery, contextual detail and scene construction processes important to both past and future events (Fletcher et al., 1995; Bar and Aminoff, 2003; Okuda et al., 2003; Hassabis and Maguire, 2007; Hassabis et al., 2007a; Szpunar et al., 2009; Andrews-Hann…”
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“The precuneus has been proposed to play a critical role in the generation of mental images (Fletcher et al., 1995).”
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Self-citationNeural Systems Shared by Visual Imagery and Visual Perception: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
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“These notions are consistent with findings reported by Fletcher et al. (1995).”
ResultCrottaz‐Herbette, S., & Menon, V. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.5.766 · Cited by 403
“…of Cognitive Neuroscience Volume 18, Number 5 it.edu/jocn/article-pdf/18/5/766/1756162/jocn.2006.18.5.766.pdf by guest on 07 June 2021 et al., 1995; Fletcher et al., 1995), visual attention in spatial discrimination (Faillenot, Decety, & Jeannerod, 1999), object features detection (Nagahama et…”
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Laureys, S., Goldman, S., Phillips, C. L. M., Bogaert, P. V., Aerts, J. J., Luxen, A., Franck, G., & Maquet, P. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0414 · Cited by 382
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“Brain Regions Activated during Both CA and CL Conditions (Conjunction Analysis) Talairach Coordinates T score T score”
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“…precuneual activation (e.g., Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Rugg and Henson, 2003) as well as work that has shown the precuneus to be involved in mental imagery recall (e.g., Fletcher et al., 1995; Grasby et al., 1993; Shallice et al., 1994) and retrieval independent of imagery (Krause et al., 1999).”
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“Moreover, the precuneus and the other "hot spots" that characterize the default mode of the resting state have been consistently shown to be activated in such processes as retrieval or consolidation of episodic memory (especially with vivid imagery and autobiographical contents [seeTrimble and Cavanna(46)]), and consc…”
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“Fletcher, Frith, Baker, et al. (1995) cone rmed this in a study where the recall of imageable word pairs, but not nonimageable word pairs, was associated with signie cant activation of the precuneus.”
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“According to a popular view based on neuroimaging findings, the precuneus is involved in visual imagery processes during episodic retrieval (Fletcher et al. 1995; Cavanna and Trimble 2006).”
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“…with memory retrieval (Buckner et al., 1996; Smith & Jonides, 1997; Krause et al., 1999; Schmidt et al., 2002; Shannon & Buckner, 2004), becoming additionally activated when imagery is used as a mnemonic strategy (Shallice et al., 1994; Fletcher et al., 1995, 1996; Halsband et al., 1998).”
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“, 1997), suggesting a mechanism whereby this structure takes part in the memorization of imageable words (Fletcher et al., 1995).”
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“The posterior cingulate/precuneus is involved in the retrieval of images and other long-term memories (Burgess et al., 2001; Fletcher et al., 1995; Gorno-Tempini et al., 1998; Ishai et al., 2000; Leveroni et al., 2000; Nakamura et al., 2001; Shah et al., 2001).”
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Self-citationAddis, D. R., McIntosh, A. R., Moscovitch, M., Crawley, A. P., & McAndrews, M. P. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.007 · Cited by 305
“These regions are known to play a role in visuospatial processing, and the precuneus and parietal regions have been associated with visual imagery in episodic memory retrieval (e.g., Andreasen et al., 1999; Burgess et al., 2001; Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Cabeza et al., 2003; Fletcher et al., 1995).”
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“Although observed to deactivate in several imaging studies (e.g. Buckner et al., 1996), its activation was found in a previous study of story comprehension where standard (i.e. readily comprehensible) stories were compared with unlinked sentences (Fletcher et al., 1995a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe neural basis of the egocentric and allocentric spatial frame of reference
Zaehle, T., Jordan, K., Wüstenberg, T., Baudewig, J., Dechent, P., & Mast, F. W. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.044 · Cited by 319
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“It has been proposed that activity in the precuneus reflects the requirement for mental imagery during retrieval (Fletcher et al., 1995).”
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“Activations were observed bilaterally in polar aspects of the ATL (for similar results see Fletcher et al., 1995b).”
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Neural correlates of religious experience
Azari, N. P., Nickel, J., Wunderlich, G., Niedeggen, M., Hefter, H., Tellmann, L., Herzog, H. R., Stoerig, P., Birnbacher, D., & Seitz, R. J. (2001) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01527.x · Cited by 252
“The medial parietal area activated in the religious subjects was the precuneus, which has strong anatomical connections to prefrontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic, 1988; Petrides & Pandya, 1984), and plays a key role in visual memory (Fletcher et al., 1995).”
BackgroundThe Concreteness Effect: Evidence for Dual Coding and Context Availability
Jessen, F., Heun, R., Erb, M., et al. (2000) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2340 · Cited by 245
Neural correlates of semantic and episodic memory retrieval
Wiggs, C. L., Weisberg, J., & Martin, A. D. (1998) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00044-x · Cited by 252
Learning by strategies and learning by drill—evidence from an fMRI study
Delazer, M., Ischebeck, A. K., Domahs, F., Zamarian, L., Koppelstaetter, F., Siedentopf, C., Kaufmann, L., Benke, T., & Felber, S. R. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.009 · Cited by 248
“Whether this activation is related to visual imagery in memory processes (Fletcher et al., 1995) or is also found in retrieval regardless of visual imagery (Krause et al., 1999; Schmidt et al., 2002) has been discussed.”
Dissociable Temporal Lobe Activations during Emotional Episodic Memory Retrieval
Dolan, R. J., Lane, R., Chua, P., & Fletcher, P. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0538 · Cited by 235
“Furthermore, the profile of retrieval-related activation in these regions has been shown to be modulated by the nature of the stimulus material, for example, whether it is verbal, visual, or imageable (Fletcher et al., 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReopening the Mental Imagery Debate: Lessons from Functional Anatomy
Mellet, E., Petit, L., Mazoyer, B., Denis, M., & Tzourio, N. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0355 · Cited by 237
“, is involved in the imagery process that accompanies the recollection (Fletcher et al., 1995), or whether it is independent of this process (Buckner et al.”
BackgroundLearning to find your way: a role for the human hippocampal formation
Maguire, E. A., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1996) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0255 · Cited by 236
Self-citationMarkowitsch, H. J., Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., Lanfermann, H., & Russ, M. (2003) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70858-x · Cited by 237
Functional abnormalities of the default network during self- and other-reflection in autism
Kennedy, D. P., & Courchesne, E. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn011 · Cited by 239
“…used a self- and otherreflection task, which has been shown previously to robustly activate regions of the default network, including the MPFC, RSC/PCC and ANG (Fletcher et al., 1995; Gusnard et al., 2001; Johnson et al., 2002; Kelley et al., 2002; Gallagher and Frith, 2003; Ochsner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialDesgranges, B., Baron, J., & Eustache, F. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0359 · Cited by 231
Posner, J. E., Russell, J. A., Gerber, A. J., Gorman, D. A., Colibazzi, T., Yu, S., Wang, Z., Kangarlu, A., Hongtu Zhu, B., & Peterson, B. S. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20553 · Cited by 232
“…studies of the right precuneus have reported activation during spatial memory tasks that require a significant reallocation of attentional resources and that are frequently associated with negatively valenced emotions, such as frustration or anger [Fletcher et al., 1995; Ghaem et al., 1997].”
BackgroundNeural correlates of cross-modal binding
Bushara, K. O., Hanakawa, T., Immisch, I., Toma, K., Kansaku, K., & Hallett, M. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn993 · Cited by 226
“These were all in occipital and temporal areas, except for the precuneus—an area known to be active during visual imager”
BackgroundDeriving meaning: Distinct neural mechanisms for metaphoric, literal, and non-meaningful sentences
Stringaris, A. K., Medford, N., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., & David, A. S. (2005) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2005.08.001 · Cited by 221
“Parietal areas, in particular the precuneus, have been consistently implicated in memory-related imagery (Bottini et al., 1994; Kosslyn, 1994; Fletcher et al., 1995; Fletcher, Shallice, Frith, Frackowiak, & Dolan, 1996).”
BackgroundCortical midline involvement in autobiographical memory
Summerfield, J. J., Hassabis, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.033 · Cited by 228
“In support of this, several studies have implicated the precuneus in imagery and visualisation of visual-spatial information in perception andmemory (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006; Fletcher et al., 1995).”
Neural substrates for recognition of familiar voices: a PET study
Nakamura, K., Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Nagumo, S., Kubota, K., Fukuda, H., Ito, K., et al. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00037-9 · Cited by 219
Brain Regions Differentially Involved in Remembering What and When: a PET Study
Cabeza, R. E. L., Mangels, J. A., Nyberg, L. H., Habib, R., Houle, S., McIntosh, A. R., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80967-8 · Cited by 213
“…since in each trial of the tests subjects saw one old word and one new word in the item conditionsodic memory retrieval (e.g., Kapur et al., 1995; Fletcher et al., 1995b; Moscovitch et al., 1995; Haxby et al., 1996; but two old words in the temporal-order condition, it is possible that some of…”
BackgroundSimons, J. S., Koutstaal, W., Prince, S. E., Wagner, A. D., & Schacter, D. L. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00096-x · Cited by 210
“Only the precuneus region differentiated between repeated same and repeated different objects, F (1, 15) ϭ 6.7, P Ͻ 0.05, perhaps consistent with the proposed role for this region in visual imagery (Fletcher et al., 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialHawes, Z. C. K., Sokolowski, H. M., Ononye, C. B., & Ansari, D. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.007 · Cited by 221
Lundstrom, B. N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.017 · Cited by 215
“Activation of the precuneus has been proposed to play a crucial role in mental imagery used during recall, such as during imagery of concrete nouns (e.g., Grasby et al., 1993; Fletcher et al., 1995; Shallice et al., 1994).”
Attention-related activity during episodic memory retrieval: a cross-function fMRI study
Cabeza, R. E. L., Dolcos, F., Prince, S. E., Rice, H. J., Weissman, D. H., & Nyberg, L. H. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00170-7 · Cited by 213
Sex Differences in Spatial Cognition: Advancing the Conversation
Levine, S. C., Foley, A., Lourenco, S., Ehrlich, S., & Ratliff, K. (2016) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1380 · Cited by 209
“In contrast, men showed greater activation than women in areas implicated in automatic, effortless task performance, including the basal ganglia as well as in Broadmann area 7, implicated in memory-related visual imagery.(94) Only a few studies have examined whether there are sex differences in the brain areas involve…”
Brain mechanisms associated with top-down processes in perception
Frith, C., & Dolan, R. J. (1997) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0104 · Cited by 214
“Previous brain imaging studies suggest that this region is involved in a crude form of imagery associated with long-term memory (Fletcher et al. 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRowe, J. B., & Passingham, R. E. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0784 · Cited by 205
Metadata
- Authors
- Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C. D., Baker, S. C., Shallice, T., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J.
- Affiliations
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-09
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 195-200
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966326035
- Cited by
- 680
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SDL (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- precuneus, visual imagery, episodic memory retrieval, paired associates, imageability, medial parietal cortex, regional cerebral blood flow
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Brain Mapping, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imagination, Male, Paired-Associate Learning, Parietal Lobe, Mental Recall, Reference Values, Regional Blood Flow, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Perception
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