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Functional neuroanatomy of remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory: a unified account based on multiple trace theory: A unified account based on multiple trace theory, M. Moscovitch et al.

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Moscovitch, Morris, Rosenbaum, R. Shayna, Gilboa, Asaf, Addis, Donna Rose, Westmacott, Robyn, Grady, Cheryl, McAndrews, Mary Pat, Levine, Brian +3 more·2005·Journal of Anatomy
DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00421.xPMC PMC1571502
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Abstract

We review lesion and neuroimaging evidence on the role of the hippocampus, and other structures, in retention and retrieval of recent and remote memories. We examine episodic, semantic and spatial memory, and show that important distinctions exist among different types of these memories and the structures that mediate them. We argue that retention and retrieval of detailed, vivid autobiographical memories depend on the hippocampal system no matter how long ago they were acquired. Semantic memories, on the other hand, benefit from hippocampal contribution for some time before they can be retrieved independently of the hippocampus. Even semantic memories, however, can have episodic elements associated with them that continue to depend on the hippocampus. Likewise, we distinguish between experientially detailed spatial memories (akin to episodic memory) and more schematic memories (akin to semantic memory) that are sufficient for navigation but not for re-experiencing the environment in which they were acquired. Like their episodic and semantic counterparts, the former type of spatial memory is dependent on the hippocampus no matter how long ago it was acquired, whereas the latter can survive independently of the hippocampus and is represented in extra-hippocampal structures. In short, the evidence reviewed suggests strongly that the function of the hippocampus (and possibly that of related limbic structures) is to help encode, retain, and retrieve experiences, no matter how long ago the events comprising the experience occurred, and no matter whether the memories are episodic or spatial. We conclude that the evidence favours a multiple trace theory (MTT) of memory over two other models: (1) traditional consolidation models which posit that the hippocampus is a time-limited memory structure for all forms of memory; and (2) versions of cognitive map theory which posit that the hippocampus is needed for representing all forms of allocentric space in memory.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00421.x

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  • Memories of conscious episodes are stored in millions of synaptic alterations in the neocortex.

    “Memories of conscious episodes are stored in millions of synaptic alterations in the neocortex (Moscovitch et al., 2005).”

    From Global Workspace Dynamics: Cortical “Binding and Propagation” Enables Conscious Contents (2013) · cites this paper as Moscovitch et al., 2005

    The “Multiple trace theory: an alternative to the standard model” passage says that neocortical neurons help represent consciously experienced episodes. It describes an episodic trace as a bound ensemble of neocortical and hippocampal neurons, however, and does not say it is stored in millions of synaptic alterations. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The hippocampus binds cortical representations into a memory trace.

    “The hippocampus is thought to bind cortical representations into a memory trace (McClelland, McNaughton, & O’Reilly, 1995; Moscovitch et al., 2005; Norman & O’Reilly, 2003)”

    From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Moscovitch et al., 2005

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Authors
Moscovitch, M., Rosenbaum, R. S., Gilboa, A., Addis, D. R., Westmacott, R., Grady, C., McAndrews, M. P., Levine, B., Black, S., Winocur, G., & Nadel, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care (CA)
  • Toronto Western Hospital (CA)
  • Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
  • University of Arizona (US)
Corresponding author
Moscovitch, Morris
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Anatomy
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2005-07-04
Volume
207
Issue
1
Pages
35-66
ISSN
0021-8782 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00421.x
PMC
PMC1571502
OpenAlex
W2142437226
Cited by
893
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 60
FWCI
3.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 3711 d)
Locations
  • Journal of Anatomy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords
hippocampus, remote memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, spatial memory, multiple trace theory, memory consolidation, memory retrieval, memory retention, autobiographical memory, limbic system
MeSH terms
Amnesia, Diencephalon, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Semantics, Temporal Lobe, Positron-Emission Tomography

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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