Functional–Anatomic Study of Episodic Retrieval Using fMRI
Abstract
A number of recent functional imaging studies have identified brain areas activated during tasks involving episodic memory retrieval. The identification of such areas provides a foundation for targeted hypotheses regarding the more specific contributions that these areas make to episodic retrieval. As a beginning effort toward such an endeavor, whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine 14 subjects during episodic word recognition in a block-designed fMRI experiment. Study conditions were manipulated by presenting either shallow or deep encoding tasks. This manipulation yielded two recognition conditions that differed with regard to retrieval effort and retrieval success: shallow encoding yielded low levels of recognition success with high levels of retrieval effort, and deep encoding yielded high levels of recognition success with low levels of effort. Many brain areas were activated in common by these two recognition conditions compared to a low-level fixation condition, including left and right prefrontal regions often detected during PET episodic retrieval paradigms (e.g., R. L. Buckner et al., 1996, J. Neurosci. 16, 6219-6235) thereby generalizing these findings to fMRI. Characterization of the activated regions in relation to the separate recognition conditions showed (1) bilateral anterior insular regions and a left dorsal prefrontal region were more active after shallow encoding, when retrieval demanded greatest effort, and (2) right anterior prefrontal cortex, which has been implicated in episodic retrieval, was most active during successful retrieval after deep encoding. We discuss these findings in relation to component processes involved in episodic retrieval and in the context of a companion study using event-related fMRI.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Frontal activations have consistently been observed during successful declarative retrieval.
“Frontal activations have consistently been observed during successful declarative retrieval (Rugg et al., 1996; Buckner et al., 1998; McDermott et al., 2003; Simons and Spiers, 2003; Spaniol et al., 2009; Huijbers et al., 2013).”
From Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice (2021) · cites this paper as Buckner et al., 1998
A conjunction analysis confirmed the large overlap in activations between groups for remembered vs. forgotten trials, involving regions typically identified during successful retrieval.
“A conjunction analysis confirmed the large overlap in activations between groups for remembered vs. forgotten trials, involving regions typically identified during successful retrieval (Buckner et al., 1998; Spaniol et al., 2009).”
From Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice (2021) · cites this paper as Buckner et al., 1998
Cites
Numerical recipes in C: the art of scientific computing
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5638 · Cited by 17,933 · see citing works
Numerical recipes in Pascal: the art of scientific computing
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-5158 · Cited by 12,040 · see citing works
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798 · see citing works
Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain
Laitinen, L. (1989) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/0303-8467(89)90128-5 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
(1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,051 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task
Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J., & Smith, E. E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386604a0 · Cited by 1,876 · see citing works
Processing strategies for time‐course data sets in functional mri of the human brain
Bandettini, P. A., Jesmanowicz, A., Wong, E. C., & Hyde, J. S. (1993) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910300204 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and Functional Activation
Picard, N., & Strick, P. L. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.3.342 · Cited by 1,712 · see citing works
A Parametric Study of Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Human Working Memory
Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., & Noll, D. C. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0247 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emission tomography findings.
Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Moscovitch, M., & Houle, S. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2016 · Cited by 1,597 · see citing works
Practice-related Changes in Human Brain Functional Anatomy during Nonmotor Learning
Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A.-M. K., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Petersen, S. E. (1994) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/4.1.8 · Cited by 1,593 · see citing works
Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Processing of Singe Words
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M. A., & Raichle, M. E. (1989) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1989.1.2.153 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Demb, J. B., Desmond, J., Wagner, A., Vaidya, C. J., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-09-05870.1995 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Self-citationActivation of the hippocampus in normal humans: a functional anatomical study of memory.
Squire, L. R., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., Videen, T. O., & Raichle, M. E. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.5.1837 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Empirical Analyses of BOLD fMRI Statistics
Zarahn, E., Aguirre, G. K., & D’Esposito, M. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0263 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Functional anatomical studies of explicit and implicit memory retrieval tasks
Buckner, R. L., Petersen, S., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Squire, L., & Raichle, M. E. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-01-00012.1995 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Self-citationPetrides, M., Alivisatos, B., Evans, A. C., & Meyer, E. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.3.873 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Age-Related Reductions in Human Recognition Memory Due to Impaired Encoding
Grady, C. L., McIntosh, A. R., Horwitz, B., Maisog, J. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Mentis, M. J., Pietrini, P., Schapiro, M. B., & Haxby, J. V. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7618082 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
THE CORTICAL LOCALIZATION OF THE LEXICONS: POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY EVIDENCE
HOWARD, D., PATTERSON, K., WISE, R., BROWN, W. D., FRISTON, K., WEILLER, C., & FRACKOWIAK, R. (1992) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/115.6.1769 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Separate Neural Bases of Two Fundamental Memory Processes in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe
Gabrieli, J. D. E., Brewer, J. B., Desmond, J. E., & Glover, G. H. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5310.264 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Schacter, D. L., Alpert, N. M., Savage, C. R., Rauch, S. L., & Albert, M. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.321 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Self-citationPET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model
Nyberg, L. H., Cabeza, R. E. L., & Tulving, E. (1996) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212412 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Face encoding and recognition in the human brain.
Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Horwitz, B., Maisog, J. M., Rapoport, S. I., & Grady, C. L. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.2.922 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
A positron emission tomography study of the short-term maintenance of verbal information
Fiez, J., Raife, E., Balota, D. A., Schwarz, J., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-02-00808.1996 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Empirical Analyses of BOLD fMRI Statistics
Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, E., & D’Esposito, M. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0264 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: auditory sentence recognition.
Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Markowitsch, H. J., Craik, F. I. M., Habib, R., & Houle, S. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2012 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Brain systems for encoding and retrieval of auditory—verbal memory. An in vivo study in humans
Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C., Grasby, P. M., Shallice, T., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.2.401 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Schacter, D. L., Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Dale, A. M., & Rosen, B. R. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0305 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential activation of the prefrontal cortex in successful and unsuccessful memory retrieval
Rugg, M. D., Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.6.2073 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
The functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory
Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C., & Rugg, M. D. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)01013-2 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Functional Anatomic Studies of Memory Retrieval for Auditory Words and Visual Pictures
Buckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M., & Petersen, S. E. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-19-06219.1996 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationBuckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2163 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional role of the prefrontal cortex in retrieval of memories: a PET study
Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Jones, C., Brown, G. M., Houle, S., & Tulving, E. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199510020-00014 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Functional brain maps of retrieval mode and recovery of episodic information
Nyberg, L. H., Tulving, E., Habib, R., Nilsson, L., Kapur, S., Houle, S., Cabeza, R. E. L., & McIntosh, A. R. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199512000-00060 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Brain regions associated with retrieval of structurally coherent visual information
Schacter, D. L., Reiman, E. M., Uecker, A., Roister, M. R., Yun, L. S., & Cooper, L. A. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376587a0 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationSchacter, D. L., Reiman, E. M., Curran, T., Yun, L. S., Bandy, D., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L., III (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80158-0 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationShort-term and long-term verbal memory: a positron emission tomography study.
Andreasen, N. C., OʼLeary, D. S., Arndt, S. V., Cizadlo, T., Hurtig, R. R., Rezai, K., Watkins, G. L., Ponto, L. L. B., & Hichwa, R. D. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.11.5111 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Petrides, M., Alivisatos, B., & Evans, A. C. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.13.5803 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The role of hippocampus and frontal cortex in age- related memory changes
Schacter, D. L., Savage, C. R., Alpert, N. M., Rauch, S. L., & Albert, M. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199604260-00014 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond HERA: Contributions of specific prefrontal brain areas to long-term memory retrieval
Buckner, R. L. (1996) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212413 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationOwen, A. M., Milner, B. A., Petrides, M., & Evans, A. C. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.588 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
What does neuroimaging tell us about the role of prefrontal cortex in memory retrieval?
Buckner, R. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1996) · Seminars in Neuroscience · doi:10.1006/smns.1996.0007 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationRight Anterior Prefrontal Cortex Activation during Semantic Monitoring and Working Memory
MacLeod, A. K., Buckner, R. L., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., & Raichle, M. E. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0308 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomated shimming at 1.5 t using echo‐planar image frequency maps
Reese, T. G., Davis, T. L., & Weisskoff, R. M. (1995) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.1880050621 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects
Damoiseaux, J. S., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., Stam, C. J., Smith, S. M., & Beckmann, C. F. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601417103 · Cited by 4,326 · see citing works
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598 · see citing works
Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex
O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/82959 · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
The Mind and Brain of Short-Term Memory
Jonides, J., Lewis, R. L., Nee, D. E., Lustig, C. A., Berman, M. G., & Moore, K. S. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093615 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Henson, R. N. A., Rugg, M. D., Shallice, T., Josephs, O., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-10-03962.1999 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Spaniol, J., Davidson, P. S. R., Kim, A. S. N., Han, H., Moscovitch, M., & Grady, C. L. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.028 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Distinct prefrontal cortex activity associated with item memory and source memory for visual shapes
Slotnick, S. D., Moo, L. R., Segal, J. B., & Hart, J. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00082-x · Cited by 654 · see citing works
A temporoparietal and prefrontal network for retrieving the spatial context of lifelike events
Burgess, N., Maguire, E. A., Spiers, H. J., & O'Keefe, J. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0806 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
The role of precuneus and left inferior frontal cortex during source memory episodic retrieval
Lundstrom, B. N., Ingvar, M., & Petersson, K. M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.008 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Neural Circuits Subserving the Retrieval and Maintenance of Abstract Rules
Bunge, S. A., Kahn, I., Wallis, J. D., Miller, E. K., & Wagner, A. D. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00910.2002 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationDaselaar, S. M., Rice, H. J., Greenberg, D. L., Cabeza, R., LaBar, K. S., & Rubin, D. C. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm048 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Yarkoni, T., Barch, D. M., Gray, J. R., Conturo, T. E., & Braver, T. S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004257 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
A common functional brain network for autobiographical, episodic, and semantic memory retrieval
Burianova, H., McIntosh, A. R., & Grady, C. L. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.066 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Episodic retrieval and the cortical binding of relational activity
Shimamura, A. P. (2011) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0031-4 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The functional neuroanatomy of novelty processing: integrating ERP and fMRI results
Opitz, B. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.4.379 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Neural Correlates for Feeling-of-Knowing
Kikyo, H., Ohki, K., & Miyashita, Y. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00939-x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Han, S., Huettel, S. A., Raposo, A., Adcock, R. A., & Dobbins, I. G. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3077-09.2010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Visual search and memory search engage extensive overlapping cerebral cortices: an fMRI study
Makino, Y., Yokosawa, K., Takeda, Y., & Kumada, T. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.026 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
van Rijn, H., Dalenberg, J. R., Borst, J. P., & Sprenger, S. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051134 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Memory, consciousness and neuroimaging
The American Association for Research into Nervous and Mental Diseases, Schacter, D. L., Buckner, R. L., & Koutstaal, W. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0338 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationVaughn, K. E., Dunlosky, J., & Rawson, K. A. (2016) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-016-0606-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Oxytocin effects on self-referential processing: behavioral and neuroimaging evidence
Liu, Y., Wu, B., Wang, X., Li, W., Zhang, T., Wu, X., & Han, S. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx116 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice
Marin-Garcia, E., Mattfeld, A. T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.584560 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“forgotten trials, involving regions typically identified during successful retrieval (Buckner et al., 1998; Spaniol et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D. L., Wagner, A. D., & Rosen, B. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-04
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 151-162
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2131331277
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 16.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7r03dc003245-03)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 08441)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC03245)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- episodic memory retrieval, word recognition, deep encoding, retrieval effort, anterior insula, anterior prefrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex, brain activation, recognition memory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Attention, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Recall, Verbal Learning, Echo-Planar Imaging, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
