BOLD correlates of trial-by-trial reaction time variability in gray and white matter: a multi-study fMRI analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Reaction time (RT) is one of the most widely used measures of performance in experimental psychology, yet relatively few fMRI studies have included trial-by-trial differences in RT as a predictor variable in their analyses. Using a multi-study approach, we investigated whether there are brain regions that show a general relationship between trial-by-trial RT variability and activation across a range of cognitive tasks. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The relation between trial-by-trial differences in RT and brain activation was modeled in five different fMRI datasets spanning a range of experimental tasks and stimulus modalities. Three main findings were identified. First, in a widely distributed set of gray and white matter regions, activation was delayed on trials with long RTs relative to short RTs, suggesting delayed initiation of underlying physiological processes. Second, in lateral and medial frontal regions, activation showed a "time-on-task" effect, increasing linearly as a function of RT. Finally, RT variability reliably modulated the BOLD signal not only in gray matter but also in diffuse regions of white matter. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results highlight the importance of modeling trial-by-trial RT in fMRI analyses and raise the possibility that RT variability may provide a powerful probe for investigating the previously elusive white matter BOLD signal.
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The involvement of these frontal regions in pain and emotion likely reflected their much more general role in cognition rather than pain- or emotion-specific process.
“Thus, the fact that these regions showed involvement in pain and emotion likely reflected their much more general role in cognition (e.g., sustained attention or goal-directed processing22,23) rather than pain- or emotion-specific process.”
From Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
In pain and emotion, frontal regions broadly implicated in goal-directed cognition showed consistent activation in the forward analysis but were relatively non-selective in the reverse analysis.
“In both domains, frontal regions broadly implicated in goal-directed cognition21-23 showed consistent activation in the forward analysis, but were relatively non-selective in the reverse analysis (Fig. 2).”
From Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
Higher reaction time variability correlates with higher levels of frontal activation during cognitive tasks, specifically in middle frontal regions, medial frontal cortex, frontal operculum, lateral and anterior prefrontal cortex, and rostral supplementary motor area.
“A consistent trend has emerged whereby higher RTV correlates with higher levels of frontal activation during tasks [36,62,63], specifically, in the middle frontal regions [36], the medial frontal cortex, frontal operculum, lateral and anterior prefrontal cortex [63], and rostral supplementary motor area [62].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Yarkoni, T., Barch, D. M., Gray, J. R., Conturo, T. E., & Braver, T. S.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yarkoni, Tal
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-01-23
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e4257
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2622763
- OpenAlex
- W2080654645
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
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- FWCI
- 7.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r37mh066031-16)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-71616, P50MH071616, R01MH066088, R01MH066031, R01MH066078, MH 066031, MH066088)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS039538, NS39538)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- reaction time variability, BOLD signal, time-on-task effects, frontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Brain, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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