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Positive Affect Facilitates Integration of Information and Decreases Anchoring in Reasoning among Physicians
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“practicing physicians experiencing positive emotions consider a greater number of alternative hypotheses before committing to their initial diagnostic assumption (Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997)”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997
In the citing paper
“perform more effectively in complex decision-making tasks, such as choosing a car or making medical decisions (Estrada et al., 1997; Isen and Means, 1983).”
From The Groupfeel syndrome: a theory of a counterproductive group emotion (2026) · cites this paper as Estrada et al., 1997
In the citing paper
“Consistent with such views, a robust and widely confirmed finding is that positive affect is linked to a creative and more generative mindset that results in greater cognitive flexibility across diverse situations, including medical diagnosis (13, 14), industrial negotiations (15), intuitive judgments (16), decision making (17), and creative problem-solving tasks (18, 19).”
From Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection (2007) · cites this paper as [14]
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Handbook of Positive Psychology
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“…et al., 1994 44 Candy Positive vs. control Creativity .33 Estrada et al., 1997 29 Candy Positive vs. control Time before diagnosis considered .48 Estrada et al., 1997 29 Candy Positive vs. control Anchoring bias .40 Forgas, 1989 72 False feedback Positive vs. negative Speed and efficiency in…”
InfluentialThe broaden–and–build theory of positive emotions
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BackgroundPositive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires
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“In practice , positive affect has also been found to allow more flexible consideration of complex bodies of material, such as goals (e.g., Carnevale & Isen, 1986), and component sets of relevant problemsolving material (e.g., Estrada et al., 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.365 · Cited by 2,797
“In una larga gamma di studi, emozioni positive indotte hanno determinato modelli di pensiero significativamente inusuali [24], flessibili [25], creativi [26], integrativi [27], aperti all’informazione [28] ed efficienti ([27],[29]).”
BackgroundPositive Emotions Broaden and Build
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2 · Cited by 1,907
The Role of Affect in the Entrepreneurial Process
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“While many complexities exist with respect to this relationship, extant evidence suggests that, in general, individuals experiencing positive affect tend to be more creative than those experiencing neutral or negative affect (e.g., Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997; Isen, 2000).”
BackgroundThe Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions
Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1010796329158 · Cited by 1,290
“Most notably, Isen and colleagues have demonstrated that people experiencing positive emotions show patterns of thought that are significantly broadened and diverse (Isen, Johnson, Mertz, & Robinson, 1985), flexible (Isen & Daubman, 1984), creative (Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987), integrative (Isen, Rosenzweig, & You…”
BackgroundWhy Does Affect Matter in Organizations?
Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. (2007) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2007.24286163 · Cited by 1,323
“For example, in one study in a hospital setting, Estrada, Isen, and Young (1997) induced positive affect in practicing physicians by providing a small gift of candy.”
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Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation
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“…have been thought to signal safety and so decrease vigilant attention to an event, they also have been shown to expand and sharpen attention (Isen et al., 1991; Estrada et al., 1997; Fredrickson, 1998; Isen, 2000), which may increase systematic consideration of an event's meaning and significance.”
BackgroundPositive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection
Rowe, G., Hirsh, J. B., & Anderson, A. K. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605198104 · Cited by 1,051
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“While these intense affective states can sometimes contribute to creativity (Estrada et al. 1997), they have also been found, in many studies, to strongly interfere with the ability to engage in systematic thought (e.”
Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, D. (2015) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/681096 · Cited by 1,215
“…Kavanagh ð1987Þ, Forgas ð1989Þ, Melton ð1995Þ, Sinclair and Mark ð1995Þ, Steele and Aronson ð1995Þ, Sanna, Turley, and Mark ð1996Þ, Baker, Frith, and Dolan ð1997Þ, Estrada, Isen, and Young ð1997Þ, Jundt and Hinsz ð2001Þ, Patterson, Warr, and West ð2004Þ, Tsai et al. ð2007Þ, and Zelenski, Murphy,…”
Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
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Work Stress and Employee Health
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“For example, they considered just as many diagnoses as control participants before, and after, the liver domain was first recognized as the likely domain of the illness (Estrada et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationHappiness in Everyday Life: The Uses of Experience Sampling
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Hunter, J. (2003) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1024409732742 · Cited by 717
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“…scope of attention (Derryberry and Tucker, 2006; Fredrickson and Branigan, 2005; Isen and Daubman, 1984); enhance receptivity to new information (Estrada et al., 1997); facilitate cognitive processes that are more creative (Isen et al., 1987) and flexible (Baumann and Kuhl, 2005; Isen and…”
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“[11] For example, college students who feel positive affect are less likely to perceive racial differences in faces[12]; physicians experiencing positive affect consider more options before assigning a diagnosis[13]; and during business negotiations, people in a positive mood are more likely to listen to carefully con…”
BackgroundIsen, A. M., & Reeve, J. (2005) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9019-8 · Cited by 691
“…be superficial and irresponsible in performing difficult tasks, no matter what the circumstances, was not supported by the results of Experiment 1, just as it was not supported by the findings of many previous experiments (e.g., Erez & Isen, 2002; Estrada et al., 1997; see Isen, 2000 for review).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationRethinking the Role of Positive Affect in Self-Regulation
Aspinwall, L. G. (1998) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1023080224401 · Cited by 601
“For example, people in a positive mood not only make decisions more quickly, but also appear to have processed relevant information more thoroughly (Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997; Isen & Means, 1983; Isen, Rosenzweig, & Young, 1991; see also Forgas, 1989), integrated the information more successfully ( Estrada et al.,…”
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Cognitive interventions to reduce diagnostic error: a narrative review
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“Moreover, where Fisher (2003) found stronger within-subject relationships with most happiness indicators, we did not see much difference across levels of analysis.”
BackgroundThe health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences
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Self-Affirmation Reduces Biased Processing of Health-Risk Information
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“Specifically, these results suggest that positive experiences may serve to make people more open to information that is at odds with their own current behavior or beliefs, information that may be useful for effective self-regulation and problem solving (see Aspinwall, 1998; Aspinwall & Taylor, 1997; Estrada, Isen, & Y…”
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Positive mood broadens visual attention to positive stimuli
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“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript advantage for them (Aspinwall & Brunhart, 1996; Estrada et al., 1997; Reed & Aspinwall, 1998; Larsen et al., 2003).”
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“…participants who were given a package of candy, and thus assumed to be in a positive mood, demonstrated more creativity (Estrada et al. 1994) and showed less anchoring biases (overreliance on initially presented information) (Estrada et al. 1997) than did participants in control groups.”
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“Mild positive feelings can influence the way cognitive material is organized, thus influencing creativity (Ashby et al., 1999; Estrada et al., 1997; Isen, 1999; Schellenberg, 2001; Thaut, 1989).”
BackgroundResultDaily Marital Interactions and Positive Affect During Marital Conflict Among Newlywed Couples
Driver, J. L., & Gottman, J. M. (2004) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2004.00024.x · Cited by 252
“For example, Estrada, Isen, and Young (1997) found that physicians assigned to a positive affect group were better able to organize and integrate information in solving a difficult liver diagnosis.”
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“1987), open to new information (Estrada et al. 1997), efficient (Isen et al.”
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“There is consistent evidence that positive affective states are associated with superior performance on creative tasks (Ashby et al., 1999; Ashby et al., 2002; Estrada et al., 1997; Isen, 2000; Isen et al., 1987).”
BackgroundThe Role of Emotion in the Learning and Transfer of Clinical Skills and Knowledge
McConnell, M., & Eva, K. W. (2012) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3182675af2 · Cited by 227
Positive affect as a source of human strength.
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“Given that positive mood has been linked to more cursory cognitive styles (e.g., Bodenhausen, Mussweiler, Gabriel, & Moreno, in press; Schwarz, 1990), it should be associated with less anchoring bias, and that appears to indeed be the case ( Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997 ).”
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“For example, after eliciting positive emotions in a randomized controlled trial, participants took less time in solving a problem and found more creative and numerous solutions compared to the other group (Estrada et al. 1997).”
BackgroundState mood, task performance, and behavior at work: A within-persons approach
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Positive emotions enhance recall of peripheral details
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“Furthermore, happy mood seems to enhance cognitive flexibility, creativity and open-minded processing (Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997 ; Isen & Daubman, 1984 ; Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987 ), which should allow for enhanced encoding of peripheral details during real-world events.”
BackgroundPositive Affectivity and Accuracy in Social Network Perception
Casciaro, T., Carley, K. M., & Krackhardt, D. M. (1999) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1021390826308 · Cited by 185
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“Many patients perceive PCI as lifethreatening; intrinsic motivation to engage in physical activity is greatest during the initial few months following PCI and wanes at approximately 6 months.(12) The PA intervention likely boosted their commitment at a time of natural decrease of activity and assisted patients in main…”
BackgroundSome Perspectives on Positive Feelings and Emotions
Isen, A. M. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806582.016 · Cited by 177
Self-citationGhitulescu, B. E. (2012) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886312469254 · Cited by 181
Why People Are in a Generally Good Mood
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The role of discrete emotions in health outcomes: A critical review
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“Furthermore, research has shown that positive affect improves problem solving (e.g., Erez and Isen 2002; Estrada, Isen, and Young 1997) through this flexible and integrative thinking.”
BackgroundSelf-citation11. The effects of positive affect and arousal on working memory and executive attention
Ashby, F. G., Valentin, V. V., & Turken, A. U. (2002) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.44.11ash · Cited by 160
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“A significant body of research suggests that positive affect can facilitate cognitive flexibility (e.g., Estrada, Isen, and Young 1997; Isen 2001; Pyone and Isen 2011).”
BackgroundThe energizing nature of work engagement: Toward a new need-based theory of work motivation
Green, P. I., Finkel, E. J., Fitzsimons, G. M., & Gino, F. (2017) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2017.10.007 · Cited by 207
How do we learn in a negative mood? Effects of a negative mood on transfer and learning
Brand, S., Reimer, T. O., & Opwis, K. (2007) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.11.002 · Cited by 153
“These findings tally with the assumption that positive mood facilitates integration of new information (Estrada et al., 1997), and more elaboration of information available (Abele et al., 1998), probably due to a broadening of attention (cf. Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005).”
BackgroundMoody experts — How mood and expertise influence judgmental anchoring
Englich, B., & Soder, K. (2009) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500000693 · Cited by 149
“Suggestive evidence for this possibility has been reported before (Estrada et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMikulincer, M., & Sheffi, E. (2000) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1005606611412 · Cited by 152
Resilience and Positive Emotions: Examining the Role of Emotional Memories
Philippe, F. L., Lecours, S., & Beaulieu‐Pelletier, G. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00541.x · Cited by 151
“According to the Broaden-and-Build Theory (Fredrickson, 2001), positive emotions lead to a broadening of the scope of the thought–action repertoires that is conducive to a global processing (Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005) and patterns of thought that are flexible (Isen & Daubman, 1984), creative (Isen, Daubman, & Nowic…”
MethodBaumann, N., & Kühl, J. (2005) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-005-7957-1 · Cited by 135
“To conclude, the present findings extend previous research on positive affect and flexibility obtained in decision making (Estrada et al., 1997), problem solving (Isen, 2004), and creativity (Isen, 1999b) to the domain of information processing: Positive affect can facilitate cognitive flexibility and enable individua…”
ResultShepherd, D. A., Patzelt, H., Williams, T. A., & Warnecke, D. (2013) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12068 · Cited by 140
Isen, A. M. (2002) · Cited by 131
Self-citationLin, W., Tsai, P., Lin, H., & Chen, H. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.854195 · Cited by 137
Happiness and ProductivityPreprint
Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, D. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1526075 · Cited by 127
Investor mood and financial markets
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Affect and acceptance: Examining the effects of positive mood on the technology acceptance model
Djamasbi, S., Strong, D. M., & Dishaw, M. T. (2009) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2009.10.002 · Cited by 131
“Under moderate task uncertainty, TAM’s relationships in the positive mood treatment will differ from those in the control treatment.”
BackgroundInvestigating work engagement in the service environment
Barnes, D. C., & Collier, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-01-2012-0021 · Cited by 134
Lin, C., He, H., Baruch, Y., & Ashforth, B. E. (2016) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21810 · Cited by 116
“Positive affective tone is considered a 10 pleasant-feeling state (Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1994), which tends to facilitate information 11 integration (Estrada et al., 1997).”
BackgroundTrailblazing in Entrepreneurship
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Metadata
- Authors
- Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M., & Young, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Henry Ford Hospital (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- ORCID
- Estrada, Carlos A
- Venue
- Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-10
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 117-135
- ISSN
- 0749-5978 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047038396
- Cited by
- 572
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
- Keywords
- positive affect, clinical reasoning, anchoring, information integration, physicians, standardized patients, affect induction, heuristic processing, premature closure, liver disease diagnosis
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