The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.256 · Cited by 9,745
An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion
Weiner, B. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548 · Cited by 7,846
Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior.
Atkinson, J. W. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043445 · Cited by 3,706
Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586 · Cited by 2,675 · cited 3×
“In the initial self-efficacy research involving cognitive skill-learning (Schunk, 1981), low-achieving children received cognitive modeling or didactic instruction on long division.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSelf-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems.
Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017 · Cited by 1,511
Self-efficacy in the prediction of academic performance and perceived career options.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1986) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.33.3.265 · Cited by 861
The role of cognitive engagement in classroom learning and motivation
Corno, L., & Mandinach, E. B. (1983) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461528309529266 · Cited by 853
Research works printed but not linked: 77
- Andrews, G. R., and Debus, R. L. (1978). Persistence and the causal perception of failure: Modifying cognitive attributions.J. Educat. Psychol. 70 154?166. · DOI
- Ashton, P. T., and Webb, R. B. (1986).Making a Difference: Teachers' Sense of Efficacy and Student Achievement Longman, New York.
- Bandura, A. (1986).Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
- Bandura, A., and Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change.Cogni. Therapy Res. 1 287?310. · DOI · Paper page
- Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., and Beyer, J. (1977). Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change.J. Personal. Social Psychol. 35 125?139. · DOI · Paper page
- Bandura, A., and Cervone, D. (1986). Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation.Organizat. Behav. Human Decision Proc. 38 92?113. · DOI · Paper page
- Barling, J., and Abel, M. (1983). Self-efficacy beliefs and tennis performance.Cognit. Therapy Res. 7 265?272. · DOI
- Barrios, B. A. (1983). The role of cognitive mediators in heterosocial anxiety: A test of self-efficacy theory.Congit. Therapy Res. 7 543?554. · DOI
- Betz, N. E., and Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men.J. Couns. Psychol. 28 399?410. · DOI
- Borkowski, J. G., and Cavanaugh, J. C. (1979). Maintenance and generalization of skills and strategies by the retarded. In Ellis, N. R. (ed.)Handbook of Mental Deficiency, Psychological Theory and Research 2nd ed., Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp. 569?617.
- Brophy, J. (1983). Conceptualizing student motivation.Educat. Psychol. 18 200?215. · DOI
- Brown, J. S., and Burton, R. R. (1978). Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills.Cogni. Sci. 2 155?192. · DOI · Paper page
- Cervone, D., and Peake, P. K. (1986). Anchoring, efficacy, and action: The influence of judgmental heuristics on self-efficacy judgment and behavior.J. Personal. Social Psychol. 50 492?501. · DOI
- Dweck, C. S. (1975). The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness.J. Personal. Social Psychol. 31 674?685. · DOI · Paper page
- Feltz, D. L. (1982). Path analysis of the causal elements in Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and an anxiety-based model of avoidance behavior.J. Personal. Social Psychol. 42 764?781. · DOI
- Feltz, D. L. (1988). Gender differences in the causal elements of self-efficacy on a high avoidance motor task.J. Sport. Exer. Psychol. 10 151?166. · DOI
- Feltz, D. L., Landers, D. M., and Raeder, U. (1979). Enhancing self-efficacy in high-avoidance motor tasks: A comparison of modeling techniques.J. Sport Psychol. 1 112?122. · DOI
- Gould, D., and Weiss, M. (1981). The effects of model similarity and model talk on self-efficacy and muscular endurance.J. Sport Psychol. 3 17?29. · DOI
- Hackett, G., and Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women.J. Vocat. Behav. 18 326?339. · DOI · Paper page
- Hallahan, D. P., Kneedler, R. D., and Lloyd, J. W. (1983). Cognitive behavior modification techniques for learning disabled children: Self-instruction and self-monitoring. In McKinney, J. D., and Feagans, L. (eds.),Current Topics in Learning Disabilities Ablex, Norwood, New Jersey, (pp. 207?244).
- Heider, F. (1958).The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations Wiley, New York. · DOI · Paper page
- Kazdin, A. E. (1979). Imagery elaboration and self-efficacy in the covert modeling treatment of unassertive behavior.J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 47 725?733. · DOI
- Kloosterman, P. (1988). Self-confidence and motivation in mathematics.J. Educat. Psychol. 80 345?351. · DOI
- Ladd, G. W., and Price, J. M. (1986). Promoting children's cognitive and social competence: The relation between parents' perceptions of task difficulty and children's perceived and actual competence.Child Devel. 57 446?460.
- Lee, C. (1982). Self-efficacy as a predictor of performance in competitive gymnastics.J. Sport Psychol. 4 405?409. · DOI
- Lee, C. (1984). Accuracy of efficacy and outcome expectations in predicting performance in a simulated assertiveness task.Cogni. Therapy Res. 8 37?48. · DOI
- Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., and Larkin, K. C. (1984). Relation of self-efficacy expectations to academic achievement and persistence.J. Couns. Psychol. 31 356?362. · DOI
- Locke, E. A., Frederick, E., Lee, C., and Bobko, P. (1984). Effect of self-efficacy, goals, and task strategies on task performance.J. Appl. Psychol. 69 241?251. · DOI
- Locke, E. A., Shaw, K. N., Saari, L. M., and Latham, G. P. (1981). Goal setting and task performance: 1969?1980.Psychol. Bull. 90 125?152. · DOI
- Maddux, J. E., Norton, L. W., and Stoltenberg, C. D. (1986). Self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and outcome value: Relative effects on behavioral intentions.J. Personal. Social Psychol. 51 783?789. · DOI
- Maddux, J. E., Sherer, M., and Rogers, R. W. (1982). Self-efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy: Their relationship and their effects on behavioral intentions.Cognit. Therapy Res. 6 207?211. · DOI
- McAuley, E., and Gill, D. (1983). Reliability and validity of the physical self-efficacy scale in a competitive sport setting.J. Sport Psychol. 5 410?418. · DOI
- Meier, S., McCarthy, P. R., and Schmeck, R. R. (1984). Validity of self-efficacy as a predictor of writing performance.Cognit. Therapy Res. 8 107?120. · DOI
- Newman, C., and Goldfried, M. R. (1987). Disabusing negative self-efficacy expectations via experience, feedback, and discrediting.Cogni. Therapy Res. 11 401?417. · DOI
- Nicholls, J. G. (1983). Conceptions of ability and achievement motivation: A theory and its implications for education. In Paris, S. G., Olson, G. M., and Stevenson, H. W. (eds.),Learning and Motivation in the Classroom Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp. 211?237.
- Norwich, B. (1987). Self-efficacy and mathematics achievement: A study of their relation.J. Educat. Psychol. 79 384?387. · DOI
- Peterson, P. L., Swing, S. R., Braverman, M. T., and Buss, R. (1982). Students' aptitudes and their reports of cognitive processes during direct instruction.J. Educat. Psychol. 74 535?547. · DOI
- Pintrich, P. R., Cross, D. R., Kozma, R. B., and McKeachie, W. J. (1986). Instructional psychology.Ann. Rev. Psychol. 37 611?651. · DOI
- Post-Kammer, P., and Smith, P. L. (1985). Sex differences in career self-efficacy, consideration, and interests of eighth and ninth graders.J. Couns. Psychol. 32 551?559. · DOI
- Relich, J. D., Debus, R. L., and Walker, R. (1986). The mediating role of attribution and self-efficacy variables for treatment effects on achievement outcomes.Contemp. Educat. Psychol. 11 195?216. · DOI
- Rosenthal, T. L., and Zimmerman, B. J. (1978).Social Learning and Cognition Academic Press, New York.
- Rotter, J. B. (1954).Social Learning and Clinical Psychology, Prentice-Hall New York. · DOI
- Ryckman, R. M., Robbins, M. A., Thornton, B., and Cantrell, P. (1982). Development and validation of a physical self-efficacy scale.J. Personal. Social Psychol. 42 891?900. · DOI · Paper page
- Salomon, G. (1984). Television is ?easy? and print is ?tough?: The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions.J. Educat. Psychol. 76 647?658. · DOI · Paper page
- Schunk, D. H. (1982). Effects of effort attributional feedback on children's perceived self-efficacy and achievement.J. Educat. Psychol. 74 548?556. · DOI · Paper page
- Schunk, D. H. (1983a). Ability versus effort attributional feedback: Differential effects on self-efficacy and achievement.J. Educat. Psychol. 75 848?856. · DOI · Paper page
- Schunk, D. H. (1983b). Developing children's self-efficacy and skills: The roles of social comparative information and goal setting.Contemp. Educat. Psycho. 8:76?86. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H. (1983c). Goal difficulty and attainment information: Effects on children's achievement behaviors.Human Learn. 2 107?117.
- Schunk, D. H. (1983d). Progress self-monitoring: Effects on children's self-efficacy and achievement.J. Exper. Educat. 51 89?93. · DOI · Paper page
- Schunk, D. H. (1983e). Reward contingencies and the development of children's skills and self-efficacy.J. Educat. Psychol. 75 511?518. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H. (1984a). Enhancing self-efficacy and achievement through rewards and goals: Motivational and informational effects.J. Educat. Res. 78 29?34. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H. (1984b). Sequential attributional feedback and children's achievement behaviors.J. Educat. Psychol. 76 1159?1169. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H. (1985). Participation in goal setting: Effects on self-efficacy and skills of learning-disabled children.J. Special Educat. 19 307?317. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H. (1987a). Peer models and children's behavioral change.Rev. Educat. Res. 57 149?174. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H. (1987b). Self-efficacy and motivated learning. In Hastings, N. and Schwieso, J. (eds.),New Directions in Educational Psychology: 2. Behavior and Motivation in the Classroom Falmer Press, London, pp. 233?251.
- Schunk, D. H., and Cox, P. D. (1986). Strategy training and attributional feedback with learning-disabled students.J. Educat. Psychol. 78 201?209. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H., and Hanson, A. R. (1985). Peer models: Influence on children's self-efficacy and achievement.J. Educat. Psychol. 77 313?322. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H., Hanson, A. R., and Cox, P. D. (1987). Peer-model attributes and children's achievement behaviors.J. Educat. Psychol. 79 54?61. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H., and Rice, J. M. (1984). Strategy self-verbalization during remedial listening comprehension instruction.J. Exper. Educat. 53 49?54. · DOI
- Schunk, D. H., and Rice, J. M. (1985). Verbalization of comprehension strategies: Effects on children's achievement outcomes.Human Learn. 4 1?10.
- Schunk, D. H., and Rice, J. M. (1987). Enhancing comprehension skill and self-efficacy with strategy value information.J. Reading Behav. 19 285?302. · DOI
- Segal, Z. V., and Marshall, W. L. (1986). Discrepancies between self-efficacy predictions and actual performance in a population of rapists and child molesters.Cognit. Therapy Res. 10 363?376. · DOI
- Shell, D. F., Murphy, C. C., and Bruning, R. H. (1989). Self-efficacy and outcome expectancy mechanisms in reading and writing achievement.J. Educat. Psychol. 81 91?100. · DOI
- Stipek, D. J., and Weisz, J. R. (1981). Perceived personal control and academic achievement.Rev. Educat. Res. 51 101?137. · DOI
- Strain, P. S., Kerr, M. M., and Ragland, E. U. (1981). The use of peer social initiations in the treatment of social withdrawal. In Strain, P. S., (ed.),The Utilization of Classroom Peers as Behavior Change Agents Plenum, New York, pp. 101?128. · DOI
- Strecher, V. J., DeVellis, B. M., Becker, M. H., and Rosenstock, I. M. (1986). The role of self-efficacy in achieving healthy behavior change.Health Educat. Quart. 13 73?92. · DOI · Paper page
- Taylor, J. (1989). The effects of personal and competitive self-efficacy and differential outcome feedback on subsequent self-efficacy and performance.Cognit. Therapy Res. 13 67?79. · DOI
- Taylor, K. M., and Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision.J. Vocat. Behav. 22 63?81. · DOI · Paper page
- Thelen, M. H., Fry, R. A., Fehrenbach, P. A., and Frautschi, N. M. (1979). Therapeutic video-tape and film modeling: A review.Psychol. Bull. 86 701?720. · DOI
- Thomas, J. W. (1980). Agency and achievement: Self-management and self-regard.Rev. Educat. Res. 50 213?240. · DOI
- Tolman, E. C. (1959). Principles of purposive behavior. In Koch, S. (ed.),Psychology: A Study of a Science, vol. 2, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 92?157.
- Weinberg, R. S., Yukelson, D., and Jackson, A. (1980). Effect of public and private efficacy expectations on competitive performance.J. Sport Psychol. 2 340?349. · DOI
- Weinberg, R. S., Gould, D., Yukelson, D., and Jackson, A. (1981). The effect of preexisting and manipulated self-efficacy on a competitive muscular endurance task.J. Sport Psychol. 4 345?354. · DOI
- Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences.J. Educat. Psychol. 71 3?25. · DOI · Paper page
- Wheeler, V. A., and Ladd, G. W. (1982). Assessment of children's self-efficacy for social interactions with peers.Devel. Psychol. 18 795?805. · DOI
- Wilkes, R. L., and Summers, J. J. (1984). Cognitions, mediating variables, and strength performance.J. Sport Psychol. 6 351?359. · DOI
- Zimmerman, B. J., and Ringle, J. (1981). Effects of model persistence and statements of confidence on children's self-efficacy and problem solving.J. Educat. Psychol. 73 485?493. · DOI
Cited by
Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Academic Settings
Pajares, F. (1996) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170653 · Cited by 4,688
Self-Efficacy: An Essential Motive to Learn
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1016 · Cited by 4,294
Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation
Schunk, D. H. (1991) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133 · Cited by 4,292
Self-citationPromoting General Metacognitive Awareness
Schraw, G. (2001) · Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2243-8_1 · Cited by 1,245
Promoting general metacognitive awareness
Schraw, G. (1998) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/a:1003044231033 · Cited by 1,088
Learning science in immersive virtual reality.
Parong, J., & Mayer, R. E. (2018) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000241 · Cited by 1,088
Kuo, Y.-C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001 · Cited by 1,082
Factors affecting students’ self-efficacy in higher education
van Dinther, M., Dochy, F., & Segers, M. (2011) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2010.10.003 · Cited by 967
Self-Efficacy and Education and Instruction
Schunk, D. H. (1995) · The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_10 · Cited by 720
Self-citationMathematics self-efficacy and mathematics performances: The need for specificity of assessment.
Pajares, F., & Miller, M. D. (1995) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.190 · Cited by 510
A Closer Look at College Students: Self-Efficacy and Goal Orientation
Hsieh, P. (.-H., Sullivan, J. R., & Guerra, N. S. (2007) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.4219/jaa-2007-500 · Cited by 380
Affect-aware tutors: recognising and responding to student affect
Woolf, B., Burleson, W., Arroyo, I., Dragon, T., Cooper, D., & Picard, R. (2009) · International Journal of Learning Technology · doi:10.1504/ijlt.2009.028804 · Cited by 371
Twenty Years of Stereotype Threat Research: A Review of Psychological Mediators
Pennington, C. R., Heim, D., Levy, A. R., & Larkin, D. T. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146487 · Cited by 324
Pfost, M., Dörfler, T., & Artelt, C. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.04.008 · Cited by 155
The instrumental value of conceptual frameworks in educational technology research
Antonenko, P. D. (2015) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-014-9363-4 · Cited by 81
Dwyer, K. K., & Fus, D. A. (2002) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824090209384829 · Cited by 53
Lin, Y.-C., Liu, G.-Y., Chang, C.-Y., Lin, C.-F., Huang, C.-Y., Chen, L.-W., & Yeh, T.-K. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13050580 · Cited by 50
Smith-Woolley, E., Selzam, S., & Plomin, R. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000241 · Cited by 50
Organizational learning and climate as predictors of self-efficacy
Tobin, T. J., Muller, R. O., & Turner, L. M. (2006) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-005-4790-z · Cited by 47
AL-Qadri, A. H., Mouas, S., Saraa, N., & Boudouaia, A. (2024) · Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education · doi:10.1186/s40862-024-00253-5 · Cited by 19
Alfeld, C., Hansen, D. M., Aragon, S. R., & Stone, J. R. (2006) · Career and Technical Education Research · doi:10.5328/cter31.3.121 · Cited by 18
Factors Affecting Engineering Students' Achievement in Computer Programming
Gurer, M. D., & Tokumaci, S. (2020) · International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools · doi:10.21585/ijcses.v3i4.74 · Cited by 17
Trajectories in quantitative and humanities self-efficacy during the first year of college
Han, J., Usher, E. L., & Brown, C. S. (2021) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102054 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Schunk, D. H.
- Venue
- Educational Psychology Review
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 173-208
- ISSN
- 1040-726X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-336X
- OpenAlex
- W2017651122
- Cited by
- 743
- References
- 14
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.