Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals in a reduced-energy regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study
Open accessAbstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of six (A6 regimen) vs two meals a day, breakfast and lunch (B2 regimen), on body weight, hepatic fat content (HFC), insulin resistance and beta cell function. METHODS: In a randomised, open, crossover, single-centre study (conducted in Prague, Czech Republic), we assigned 54 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents, both men and women, age 30-70 years, BMI 27-50 kg/m(2) and HbA1c 6-11.8% (42-105 mmol/mol), to follow two regimens of a hypoenergetic diet, A6 and B2, each for 12 weeks. Randomisation and allocation to trial groups (n = 27 and n = 27) were carried out by a central computer system. Individual calculations of energy requirements for both regimens were based on the formula: (resting energy expenditure × 1.5) - 2,092 kJ. The diet in both regimens had the same macronutrient and energy content. HFC was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Insulin sensitivity was measured by isoglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp and calculated by mathematical modelling as oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS). Beta cell function was assessed during standard meal tests by C-peptide deconvolution and was quantified with a mathematical model. For statistical analysis, 2 × 2 crossover ANOVA was used. RESULTS: The intention-to-treat analysis included all participants (n = 54). Body weight decreased in both regimens (p < 0.001), more for B2 (-2.3 kg; 95% CI -2.7, -2.0 kg for A6 vs -3.7 kg; 95% CI -4.1, -3.4 kg for B2; p < 0.001). HFC decreased in response to both regimens (p < 0.001), more for B2 (-0.03%; 95% CI -0.033%, -0.027% for A6 vs -0.04%; 95% CI -0.041%, -0.035% for B2; p = 0.009). Fasting plasma glucose and C-peptide levels decreased in both regimens (p < 0.001), more for B2 (p = 0.004 and p = 0.04, respectively). Fasting plasma glucagon decreased with the B2 regimen (p < 0.001), whereas it increased (p = 0.04) for the A6 regimen (p < 0.001). OGIS increased in both regimens (p < 0.01), more for B2 (p = 0.01). No adverse events were observed for either regimen. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Eating only breakfast and lunch reduced body weight, HFC, fasting plasma glucose, C-peptide and glucagon, and increased OGIS, more than the same caloric restriction split into six meals. These results suggest that, for type 2 diabetic patients on a hypoenergetic diet, eating larger breakfasts and lunches may be more beneficial than six smaller meals during the day. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01277471, completed. Funding Grant NT/11238-4 from Ministry of Health, Prague, Czech Republic and the Agency of Charles University - GAUK No 702312.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
One RCT of time-restricted dieting reported 1.4 kg greater weight loss than conventional energy restriction (high risk of bias).
“one for time-restricted dieting reported 1.4 kg greater weight loss than conventional energy restriction (high-risk-of-bias RCT) [48].”
The current study's weight results agree with two recent interventional studies that found favorable effects of earlier eating on weight loss.
“The results of the current study on the effect of high energy intake at dinner on weight are in agreement with those of 2 recent interventional studies (24,36) that indicated the favorable effects of early eating throughout the day on weight loss.”
More frequent meals increase weight gain due to postprandial fat deposition, thereby worsening hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and appetite.
“Several studies suggest that more frequent meals increase weight gain due to postprandial fat deposition [318,319], thereby worsening hyperglycemia, IR, hyperlipidemia, and appetite [319,320].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [320]
Clinical trials, both short-term and long-term, with or without caloric restriction, in various populations, have produced contradictory results regarding the association of meal frequency with body weight, postprandial glycemia, insulin resistance, and overall glycemic control.
“Clinical trials, both short-term (14–28 days) [321,325,328,329,330,331,332] and long-term [323,324] with no caloric restriction in non-obese and obese women with PCO syndrome at an early or late stage IGT or overt early-stage T2DM, and long-term studies with caloric restriction in T2DM without [333] or with antidiabetic treatment [320,326], have produced contradictory results regarding the associ”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [320]
In T2DM subjects receiving anti-diabetic medications, 2 large versus 6 smaller meals decreased body weight and fasting plasma glucose/C-peptide/glucagon levels, with no differences in HbA1c, insulin, insulin sensitivity, and blood lipids.
“in T2DM subjects receiving anti-diabetic medications, 2 large vs 6 smaller meals decreased body weight, fasting plasma glucose/C-peptide/glucagon levels, with no differences in HbA1c, insulin, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids [320].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [320]
Three isocaloric studies showed that front loading (high caloric intake at breakfast) vs evening dinner improved weight loss.
“Three isocaloric studies showed that front loading (high caloric intake at breakfast) vs evening dinner improved weight loss [317,320,358].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [320]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies
Baecke, J. A. H., BUREMA, J., & Frijters, J. E. R. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936 · Cited by 3,950 · see citing works
Hatori, M., Vollmers, C., Zarrinpar, A., DiTacchio, L., Bushong, E. A., Gill, S., Leblanc, M., Chaix, A., Joens, M., Fitzpatrick, J. A. J., et al. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.019 · Cited by 1,986 · see citing works
Hagströmer, M., Oja, P., & Sjöström, M. (2006) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005898 · Cited by 1,896 · see citing works
The theoretical bases of indirect calorimetry: A review
Ferrannini, E. (1988) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(88)90110-2 · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
The Public Health Impact of Obesity
Visscher, T. L. S., & Seidell, J. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.22.1.355 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Circadian timing of food intake contributes to weight gain
Arble, D. M., Bass, J., Laposky, A. D., Vitaterna, M. H., & Turek, F. W. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.264 · Cited by 953 · see citing works
Cauter, E. V., Mestrez, F., Sturis, J., & Polonsky, K. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.41.3.368 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Anson, R. M., Guo, Z., de Cabo, R., Iyun, T., Rios, M., Hagepanos, A., Ingram, D. K., Lane, M. A., & Mattson, M. P. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1035720100 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Association between Eating Patterns and Obesity in a Free-living US Adult Population
Ma, Y. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg117 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Cauter, E. V., Mestrez, F., Sturis, J., et al. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.41.3.368 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness
Garaulet, M., Gómez-Abellán, P., Alburquerque-Béjar, J. J., Lee, Y.-C., Ordovás, J. M., & Scheer, F. A. J. L. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.229 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus
Mann, J. I., Leeuw, I. D., Hermansen, K., Karamanos, B. G., Karlström, B., Katsilambros, N. L., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., Rizkalla, S. W., Slama, G., et al. (2004) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0939-4753(04)80028-0 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Nibbling versus gorging: metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Vuksan, V., Brighenti, F., Cunnane, S. C., Rao, A. V., Jenkins, A. L., Buckley, G., Patten, R., Singer, W., et al. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198910053211403 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Fábry, P., Hejl, Z., Fodor, J., Braun, T., & Zvolánková, K. (1964) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(64)90510-0 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Proton MR spectroscopy in quantitative in vivo determination of fat content in human liver steatosis
Longo, R., Pollesello, P., Ricci, C., Masutti, F., Kvam, B. J., Bercich, L., Crocè, L. S., Grigolato, P., Paoletti, S., de BERNARD, B., et al. (1995) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.1880050311 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Timed high-fat diet resets circadian metabolism and prevents obesity
Sherman, H., Genzer, Y., Cohen, R., Chapnik, N., Madar, Z., & Froy, O. (2012) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.12-208868 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: Breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking
Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.028209 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Meal and oral glucose tests for assessment of β-cell function: modeling analysis in normal subjects
Mari, A., Schmitz, O., Gastaldelli, A., Oestergaard, T., Nyholm, B., & Ferrannini, E. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00093.2002 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Scheer, F. A. J. L., Morris, C. J., & Shea, S. A. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20351 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
ENERGY INTAKE, MEAL FREQUENCY, AND HEALTH: A Neurobiological Perspective
Mattson, M. P. (2005) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092526 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults
Howarth, N. C., Huang, T. T.-K., Roberts, S. B., Lin, B.-H., & McCrory, M. A. (2007) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803456 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Assessing Insulin Secretion by Modeling in Multiple-Meal Tests
Mari, A., Tura, A., Gastaldelli, A., & Ferrannini, E. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.2007.s221 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of dysregulated glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes
D'Alessio, D. (2011) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01449.x · Cited by 238 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of Breakfast Consumption and Weight Gain among U.S. Men
van der Heijden, A. A. W. A., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.292 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Larson, N., & Story, M. T. (2013) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2012.0108 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Crucial problems in regression modelling and their solutions
Meloun, M., Militký, J., Hill, M., et al. (2002) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/b110779h · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationEating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in older women: breakfast consumption and eating frequency
Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Cahill, L., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.057521 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Chronobiological aspects of nutrition, metabolic syndrome and obesity
Garaulet, M., & Madrid, J. A. (2010) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2010.05.005 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Seppala-Lindroos, A. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.87.7.3023 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Jakubowicz, D., Froy, O., Wainstein, J., & Boaz, M. (2012) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.006 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Keast, D. R., Nicklas, T. A., & O’Neil, C. E. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28421 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Effects of Intermittent Feeding Upon Growth and Life Span in Rats
Goodrick, C. L., Ingram, D. K., Reynolds, M. A., Freeman, J. R., & Cider, N. L. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000212538 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Ruge, T., Hodson, L., Cheeseman, J., Dennis, A., Fielding, B. A., Humphreys, S. M., Frayn, K. N., & Karpe, F. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2090 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Energy Intake at Breakfast and Weight Change: Prospective Study of 6,764 Middle-aged Men and Women
Purslow, L. R., Sandhu, M. S., Forouhi, N. G., Young, E. H., Luben, R., Welch, A. A., Khaw, K., Bingham, S. A., & Wareham, N. J. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm309 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Meal size and frequency: effect on the thermic effect of food
Tai, M., Castillo, P., & Pi-Sunyer, F. (1991) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.5.783 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Transformation in the PC-Aided Biochemical Data Analysis
Meloun, M., Hill, M., Militký, J., et al. (2000) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2000.081 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationThe diet restriction paradigm: a brief review of the effects of every-other-day feeding
Anson, R. M., Jones, B., & de Cabo, R. (2005) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-005-3286-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The need for controlled studies of the effects of meal frequency on health
Mattson, M. P. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66667-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Duval, K., Strychar, I., Cyr, M.-J., Prud'homme, D., Rabasa-Lhoret, R., & Doucet, É. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26220 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Bachman, J. L., & Raynor, H. A. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.360 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Metabolic effects of alterations in meal frequency in type 2 diabetes
Arnold, L., Mann, J. I., & Ball, M. J. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.11.1651 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A longer term study, comparing the effect of three and nine meals daily (each period lasting 4 weeks), in 13 patients with type 2 diabetes, did not confirm the beneficial effects of increased meal frequency [39].”
BackgroundIntermittent Feeding and Fasting Reduces Diabetes Incidence in BB Rats
Pedersen, C. R., Hagemann, I., Bock, T. G., & Buschard, K. (1999) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.3109/08916939908993805 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Meal frequency and plasma lipids and lipoproteins
Mann, J. (1997) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19970106 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
MR spectroscopy as a tool for in vivo determination of steatosis in liver transplant recipients
Hájek, M., Dezortová, M., Pajuelo, D., Škoch, A., Voska, L., Míková, I., & Trunečka, P. (2011) · Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10334-011-0264-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kahleová, H., Mari, A., Nofrate, V., Matoulek, M., Kazdová, L., Hill, M., & Pelikánová, T. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationFernemark, H., Jaredsson, C., Bunjaku, B., Rosenqvist, U., Nyström, F. H., & Guldbrand, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079324 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
An Update in Incretin-Based Therapy: A Focus on Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
Edwards, K. L., Stapleton, M., Weis, J., & Irons, B. K. (2012) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2012.0098.edw · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vašků, J. B., Bienert, P., Forejt, M., Tomandl, J., Brázdová, Z. D., & Vašků, A. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509991887 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fatty Liver Increases the Association of Metabolic Syndrome With Diabetes and Atherosclerosis
Juárez-Rojas, J. G., Medina-Urrutia, A. X., Galarza, E. J., González-Salazar, C., Kimura‐Hayama, E., Cardoso-Saldaña, G. C., Posadas‐Sánchez, R., Martínez-Alvarado, M. R., & Posadas‐Romero, C. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1276 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pelikánová, T., Smrčková, I., Křížová, J., Stříbrná, J., & Lánská, V. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400657 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Calorie restriction with or without time-restricted eating in weight loss
Liu, D., Huang, Y., Huang, C., Yang, S., Wei, X., Zhang, P., Guo, D., Lin, J., Xu, B., Li, C., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2114833 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Churuangsuk, C., Hall, J., Reynolds, A., Griffin, S. J., Combet, E., & Lean, M. E. J. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05577-2 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Papakonstantinou, E., Oikonomou, C., Nychas, G., & Dimitriadis, G. D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040823 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Wei, X., Lin, B., Huang, Y., Yang, S., Huang, C., Shi, L., Liu, D., Zhang, P., Lin, J., Xu, B., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.3513 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing - Does when we eat matter
Hutchison, A. T., & Heilbronn, L. K. (2016) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.025 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Pureza, I. R. D. O. M., Macena, M. D. L., da Silva Junior, A. E., Praxedes, D. R. S., Vasconcelos, L. G. L., & Bueno, N. B. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.031 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Madjd, A., Taylor, M. A., Delavari, A., Malekzadeh, R., Macdonald, I. A., & Farshchi, H. R. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.134163 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Vitale, R., & Kim, Y. (2020) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2020.0048 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Papakonstantinou, E., Kontogianni, M. D., Mitrou, P., Magriplis, E., Vassiliadi, D., Nomikos, T., Lambadiari, V., Georgousopoulou, E., & Dimitriadis, G. (2018) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2018.03.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Papakonstantinou, E., Kechribari, I., Mitrou, P., Trakakis, E., Vassiliadi, D., Georgousopoulou, E., Zampelas, A., Kontogianni, M. D., & Dimitriadis, G. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.225 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kahleova, H., Belinova, L., Malinska, H., Oliyarnyk, O., Trnovska, J., Skop, V., Kazdova, L., Dezortova, M., Hajek, M., Tura, A., Hill, M., & Pelikanova, T.
- Affiliations
- Charles University (CZ)
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CZ)
- National Research Council (IT)
- Institute of Endocrinology (CZ)
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2014-05-18
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1552-1560
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- PMC
- PMC4079942
- OpenAlex
- W2031153362
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 9.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-10-15)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Univerzita Karlova v Praze
- European Association for the Study of Diabetes
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, meal frequency, hypocaloric diet, hepatic fat content, insulin resistance, beta-cell function, weight loss, weight loss maintenance, energy requirements, C-peptide
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, C-Peptide, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Reducing, Female, Glucagon, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Cross-Over Studies, Meals, Breakfast, Lunch
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
