The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Two-sided Markets, Competitive Bottlenecks and Exclusive Contracts
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“However, multihoming is a costly endeavor for complementors; it requires compliance with the technical specifications and esthetic standards unique to each platform (Armstrong and Wright 2007).”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
In the citing paper
“Multihoming carries substantial costs for the complementors (Armstrong and Wright 2007) which must be weighed against the marginal benefits of joining yet another platform.”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
In the citing paper
“multihoming carries important costs for the complementors (Armstrong and Wright 2007) which tend to increase with the technological distance between platforms and different versions of platform architecture”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Banerjee, S., & Ramesh Johari, B. (2019) · Springer series in supply chain management · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01863-4_5 · Cited by 15
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Collusion between two-sided platforms
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Two-Part Tariff Competition between Two-Sided PlatformsPreprint
Reisinger, M. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2314134 · Cited by 15
Platform Pricing at Sports Card Conventions
Jin, G. Z., & Rysman, M. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17959 · Cited by 16
“That is, in Armstrong & Wright (2007), competition is the exogenous variable.”
Sponsored data: A game-theoretic model with consumer multihoming behaviour
Wu, J., Li, Y., Dong, Y. C., & Zha, Y. (2022) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2022.08.046 · Cited by 14
Measuring Substitution Patterns in the Attention Economy: An Experimental Approach
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Verdier, M. (2016) · Revue économique · doi:10.3917/reco.hs01.0025 · Cited by 14
Wulfert, T., Seufert, S., & Leyens, C. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.741 · Cited by 14
“supply side of the MSM subsidizing the demand side) [45, 6]).”
BackgroundDivide and Conquer in Two-Sided Markets: A Potential-Game Approach
Chan, L. T. (2019) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/1756-2171.12393 · Cited by 14
Platform price parity clauses and market segmentation
Calzada, J., Manna, E., & Mantovani, A. (2021) · Journal of Economics & Management Strategy · doi:10.1111/jems.12467 · Cited by 14
Consumer multihoming predisposition on food platforms: Does gender matter?
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Dynamics of two-sided internet markets
Vogelsang, M. (2010) · International Economics and Economic Policy · doi:10.1007/s10368-010-0158-8 · Cited by 14
Behaviour-based price discrimination with cross-group externalities
Carroni, E. (2017) · Journal of Economics · doi:10.1007/s00712-017-0591-z · Cited by 14
“As shown in Armstrong and Wright (2007), single-homing is the case when condition (i) is verified, meaning that agents are interested in reaching the other side, but not so much to decide to join both platforms and bear price and transportation cost twice.”
BackgroundTwo-sided Markets with Substitution: Mobile Termination Revisited
Hausman, J. A. (2012) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781781007143.00020 · Cited by 14
“In the emerging literature on two-sided markets (see Armstrong, 2006, Armstrong and Wright, 2006, Caillaud and Jullien, 2001, 2003, Rochet and Tirole 2003, 2006 among others), a central question of interest is how do platforms set the structure of prices across the two sides of the business, and…”
BackgroundInterconnection Economics of All-IP Networks
Yoon, K. (2006) · Review of Network Economics · doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1102 · Cited by 14
“See for example Armstrong (2006), Armstrong and Wright (2006), Rochet and Tirole (2004) as well as the papers cited above.”
BackgroundCompetition and industrial policy in the 21st century
Jean Tirole, Z. (2024) · Oxford Open Economics · doi:10.1093/ooec/odad080 · Cited by 13
To port or not to port? Availability of exclusivity in the digital service market
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The power of two-sided platforms to disseminate resistant innovations
Trabucchi, D., & Buganza, T. (2020) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-06-2019-0727 · Cited by 13
Choice of pricing and advertising schemes for a two‐sided platform
Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., & Goh, M. (2021) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.3351 · Cited by 13
Pricing decisions of car aggregation platforms in sharing economy: a developing economy perspective
Gupta, A., Saha, B., & Banerjee, P. (2018) · Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management · doi:10.1057/s41272-018-0145-1 · Cited by 13
Partial Multihoming in Two-sided MarketsPreprint
Poolsombat, R., & Vernasca, G. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13
Price Competition in Multi-Sided MarketsPreprint
Tan, G., & Zhou, J. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3052014 · Cited by 13
“See, for instance, Armstrong and Wright (2007); Jullien and Pavan (2018).”
BackgroundThe Future of Insurance Intermediation in the Age of the Digital Platform Economy
Stricker, L., Wagner, J., & Röschmann, A. Z. (2023) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm16090381 · Cited by 18
Pricing for services with cross-segment externalities, capacity constraints, and competition
Gu, W., Heese, H. S., Kemahlıoğlu‐Ziya, E., & Ziya, S. (2023) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2023.09.021 · Cited by 12
Making Delivery Platform Drivers Safer: Platform Responsibility Versus Consumer Empowerment
Hu, L., Zhou, X., Choi, T., & Du, S. (2024) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1177/10591478241310218 · Cited by 12
“Consider a duopoly food delivery market consisting of two profit-maximizing platforms located at opposite ends of the Hotelling line (Armstrong and Wright, 2007; Hagiu and Hal-aburda, 2014).”
On market dynamics of electric vehicle diffusion
Yu, Z., Li, S., & Tong, L. (2014) · Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing · doi:10.1109/allerton.2014.7028571 · Cited by 11
“, [4] on the CD player and CD title market, the video console and video game market [5], [6], [7], the hardware and software market [8], the credit card market [9], and the yellow page and advertisement market [10].”
BackgroundCoring on Digital Platforms—Fundamentals and Examples from the Mobile Device Sector
Bender, B., & Gronau, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34799-4_4 · Cited by 12
Competition in Electric Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems
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“The impacts of single/multi-homing users on the market equilibria have been investigated in [15].”
BackgroundTipping in two-sided markets with asymmetric platforms
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Drivers of optimal prices in two-sided markets: the state of the art
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“Competitive bottlenecks have been analyzed by several authors (Armstrong 2006; Armstrong and Wright 2007; Belleflamme and Peitz 2010b; Caillaud and Jullien 2003; Gabszewicz and Wauthy 2004; Kim and Tse 2011; Rochet and Tirole 2003, 2006; Wright 2004) and their results appear robust for various…”
BackgroundInfluentialStructure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm in digital platform competition: a conceptual framework
Bourai, S., Arora, R., & Yadav, N. (2024) · Journal of strategy and management · doi:10.1108/jsma-07-2023-0184 · Cited by 16
Cao, P. (2024) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2024.106070 · Cited by 12
Superstars in Two-Sided Markets: Exclusives or Not?Preprint
Carroni, E., Madio, L., & Shekhar, S. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3348724 · Cited by 11
Towards Efficient Information Sharing in Network MarketsPreprint
Martens, B., Parker, G., Petropoulos, G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3956256 · Cited by 11
Pricing and Capacity Design for Profit-Driven and Welfare-Driven Healthcare Providers
Hua, S., Lei, Y., & Zhai, X. (2024) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1177/10591478241238969 · Cited by 10
“…the models of adoption with network effects, in which agents play a simultaneous adoption game with rational expectations of the network size (e.g., Armstrong and Wright, 2007; Church and Gandal, 1992), in the second stage of our model, patients play a simultaneous adoption game with a rational…”
BackgroundStrategic digital product management: Nine approaches
Olsson, H. H., & Bosch, J. (2024) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2024.107594 · Cited by 10
“This allows for subsidizing the original customers while, at the same time, generating revenue from an entirely new customer base [36,37].”
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Zhang, K., & Liu, W. (2016) · South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences · doi:10.17159/2222-3436/2016/v19n1a1 · Cited by 10
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Hildebrandt, C., & Wiewiorra, L. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1177/02683962231170891 · Cited by 12
“In addition, digital platforms are multi-sided markets, which implies that ef fi cient prices will be asymmetric (Rochet and Tirole, 2006; Armstrong and Wright, 2007), thus the most important user group (e.g., end users) enjoys the platform service free of charge while the other user groups (e.g.,…”
BackgroundHow consumers’ digital engagement affects regional innovation capacity in China?
Yang, X., Li, M., & Liang, S. (2024) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2024.106832 · Cited by 9
Customer and provider bounded rationality in on-demand service platforms
Chen, D., Zhou, Y., Lin, X., & Jin, K. (2024) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2024.08.013 · Cited by 9
Kim, D. (2024) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/sres.3068 · Cited by 9
Cooperative service strategy for competitive platforms under multi-homing
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The effect of online platform maturity on the efficiency of offline industry
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Mapping the landscape: unveiling the structural dynamics of industry platforms
Alghani, K. A., Kohtamäki, M., & Kraus, S. (2024) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-09-2023-0748 · Cited by 19
“The literature primarily focused on pricing policies (Rochet and Tirole, 2003, 2006; Kaiser and Wright, 2006), network externalities (Caillaud and Jullien, 2003; Armstrong, 2006) and competition (Armstrong and Wright, 2007).”
BackgroundContent‐Hosting Platforms: Discovery, Membership, Or Both?
Casner, B., & Teh, T. (2025) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/1756-2171.70029 · Cited by 9
Inter-Group and Intra-Group Externalities of Two-Sided Markets in Electronic Commerce
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“This paper naturally relates to the very recent literature on two-sided markets, pioneered by Rochet and Tirole [1,4], Caillaud and Jullien [3], and Armstrong [5,6], based on the theories of network externalities initiated by Katz and Shapiro [7].”
MethodCo-investment in ultra-fast broadband access networks: Is there a role for content providers?
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Mobile Platforms as Two-sided Markets
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Media Bias When Advertisers Have Bargaining Power
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“…markets issue such as Rochet and Tirole (2003, 2006, 2008), Caillaud and Jullien (2003), Hagiu (2006), Reisinger, Ressner, and Schmidtke (2009), Armstrong (2006), Armstrong and Wright (2007), and Jeon and Rochet (2010),2 and recently, Rysman (2009) provided a detailed survey on this issue.”
BackgroundThe Review of Non-Technical Assumptions in Digital Identity Architectures
Bazarhanova, A., & Smolander, K. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.785 · Cited by 9
Interactions between Regulatory and Antitrust Policies in a Liberalized Postal Sector
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“The retail markets are those for locally originating mail addressed to street addresses (street addressed mail) and locally 22 See Rosson (2004) for an early review of this literature.”
InfluentialHomogeneous Platform Competition with Heterogeneous ConsumersPreprint
Jeitschko, T. D., & Tremblay, M. J. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2441190 · Cited by 9
Multi-Homing and Platform Strategies: Historical Evidence from the US Newspaper IndustryPreprint
Park, K., Seamans, R. C., & Zhu, F. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3048348 · Cited by 9
“When a new platform arrives in the market, customers on either side of the twosided market can choose whether to switch to the new platform (“single-homing”), or adopt both platforms (“multi-homing”) (e.g., Ambrus, Calvano, and Reisinger, 2016; Armstrong and Wright, 2007; Bresnahan, Orsini, and Yin, 2015; Corts and Le…”
The Economics of Platforms: A Theory Guide for Competition PolicyPreprint
Jullien, B., & Sand‐Zantman, W. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3502964 · Cited by 9
“Armstrong and Wright (2007) were the first to point to the possibility that two-sided platforms use exclusive dealing as a way to prevent multi-homing.”
Comparison SitesPreprint
Moraga‐González, J. L., & Wildenbeest, M. R. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1947292 · Cited by 9
Competitive bottlenecks and platform spilloversPreprint
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Self-citationThe Power of Star Creators: Evidence from the Live Streaming Industry
Qian, K., & Xie, Y. (2022) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/00222437251359163 · Cited by 8
“Armstrong and Wright (2007) propose that e-commerce platforms sign exclusive contracts with sellers to prevent multihoming and mitigate platform competition on the supply side.”
Strategic Digital Product Management in the Age of AI
Olsson, H. H., & Bosch, J. (2024) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53227-6_24 · Cited by 8
Platform Competition with Partial Multihoming under Differentiation: A Note
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Platform Oligopoly with Endogenous Homing: Implications for Mergers and Free Entry*
Adachi, T., Sato, S., & Tremblay, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Industrial Economics · doi:10.1111/joie.12345 · Cited by 8
“Several existing studies point out the importance of homing decisions in platform markets (Armstrong and Wright, 2007, Belleflamme and Peitz, 2019, Bakos and Halaburda, 2020, Jeitschko and Tremblay, 2020).”
Evolution of Online Social Networks: A Conceptual Framework
Kim, J.-H., Leem, C.-S., Kim, B., & Cheon, Y. (2013) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v9n4p208 · Cited by 8
“…propose the following as analytical elements: Contents Connectivity, which represents the evolution of the interoperability of services used by OSNs(Armstrong & Wright, 2007), Platform Access, which accounts for the change in service structures(Picard, 1989; Schultz & Orlikowsky, 2004),…”
Sequential innovation, naked exclusion, and upfront lump-sum payments
Choi, J. P., & Stefanadis, C. (2017) · Economic Theory · doi:10.1007/s00199-017-1042-3 · Cited by 8
Predation and Network Based Price Discrimination in Chile
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Pricing of Platforms in Two-Sided Markets with Heterogeneous Agents and Limited Market Size
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“Later on, Armstrong and Wright [2] explored the duopoly competition between two platforms in the three cases as follows: (1) product differentiation on both sides; (2) product differentiation on one side only; (3) no product differentiation on both sides.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRegulating the Cloud: More, Less or Different Regulation and Competing AgendasPreprint
Cave, J. A. K., Robinson, N., Kobzar, S., & Schindler, H. R. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2031695 · Cited by 8
Competitive ride-sourcing market with a third-party integratorPreprint
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“There is a rich body of literature in economics on the general two-sided market (Rochet and Ti- role, 2003; Armstrong, 2006; Armstrong and Wright, 2007) relevant to platform-integration.”
BackgroundKraemer, J., & Zierke, O. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3584371 · Cited by 8
“In fact, once users have signed up with a given platform, and can only be reached through it, this creates a ‘competitive bottleneck’ (Armstrong and Wright 2007), which gives each platform monopoly power over the multihoming content providers.”
Bougette, P., Budzinski, O., & Marty, F. M. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3086714 · Cited by 8
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Effects of Payment Interoperability and Noninteroperability on Platform Competition
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Platform Competition and Interoperability: The Net Fee Model
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Issues in Online Advertising and Competition Policy: A Two-sided Market Perspective
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Language, internet and platform competition
Jeon, D., Jullien, B., & Klimenko, M. M. (2021) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103439 · Cited by 7
Wang, J. (2021) · International Journal of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2020.102698 · Cited by 7
Charges on Parking in Shopping Malls: Evidence from Turkey
Dilek, S., & Top, S. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.506 · Cited by 7
Platform strategy of video game software in Japan, 1984-1994: theory and evidence
Maruyama, M., & Ohkita, K. (2010) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.1521 · Cited by 7
Basic Pricing Principles in Two-Sided Markets: Some Simple ModelsPreprint
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Market Dominance and Quality of Search Results in the Search Engine MarketPreprint
Lianos, I., & Motchenkova, E. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2169343 · Cited by 7
“Our approach to modeling advertisers’ side of the market is simplified compared to Edelman et al (2007), Varian (2007), Ellison and Ellison (2004), Chen and He (2006), Athey and Ellison (2011), or White (2008). Since the primary aim of our project is to concentrate on the impact of network effects and quality improvin…”
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Retail Payment Systems: What Do We Learn from Two-Sided Markets?Preprint
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Superstars in Two-Sided Markets: Exclusives or Not?Preprint
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“For instance, Armstrong & Wright (2007) show that when platforms offer an exclusive contract to some sellers, they do so by charging a prohibitively high price to multihomers and a discount to singlehomers.”
Platform Price Parity Clauses and SegmentationPreprint
Calzada, J., Manna, E., & Mantovani, A. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3329157 · Cited by 7
“Substituting the above quantities into the profits function in equation (2) and deriving with respect to pij and pDj we obtain:”
BackgroundMethodHotelling’s Duopoly in a Two-Sided Platform Market on the Plane
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Compatibility and distribution strategies of asymmetric competing digital platforms
Zhang, S., Cai, W., Wang, X., & Ye, X. (2023) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.4062 · Cited by 6
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Zhu, X., Lang, M., & Dietl, H. (2023) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer18030084 · Cited by 6
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Metadata
- Authors
- Armstrong, M., & Wright, J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, Julian
- Venue
- Economic Theory
- Published
- 2006-05-05
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 353-380
- ISSN
- 0938-2259 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0479
- OpenAlex
- W3124640067
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 62.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Economic Theory (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) (acceptedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Auction Theory and Applications
- Keywords
- two-sided markets, exclusive contracts, product differentiation, platform competition, gains from trade, platform heterogeneity
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