The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Two-sided Markets, Competitive Bottlenecks and Exclusive Contracts
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, multihoming is a costly endeavor for complementors; it requires compliance with the technical specifications and esthetic standards unique to each platform (Armstrong and Wright 2007).”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
In the citing paper
“Multihoming carries substantial costs for the complementors (Armstrong and Wright 2007) which must be weighed against the marginal benefits of joining yet another platform.”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
In the citing paper
“multihoming carries important costs for the complementors (Armstrong and Wright 2007) which tend to increase with the technological distance between platforms and different versions of platform architecture”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
Citations
Cites
Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322493212 · Cited by 5,642
Competition in two-sided markets
Armstrong, M. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x · Cited by 3,315
Self-citationTwo-sided markets: A progress report
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00036.x · Cited by 2,994
Chicken & Egg: Competition among Intermediation Service Providers
Caillaud, B., & Jullien, B. (2003) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1593720 · Cited by 1,799
Some Empirical Aspects of Multi-sided Platform Industries
Evans, D. S. (2003) · Review of Network Economics · doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1026 · Cited by 605
Competition Between Networks: A Study of the Market for Yellow Pages
Rysman, M. (2004) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/0034-6527.00512 · Cited by 527
The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets
Evans, D. S. (2003) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 499
The theory of access pricing and interconnection
Armstrong, M. (2001) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 359
Self-citationOne-sided Logic in Two-sided Markets
Wright, J. (2004) · Review of Network Economics · doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1042 · Cited by 299
Self-citationBernheim, B. D., & Whinston, M. D. (1998) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/250003 · Cited by 288
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rochet, J.-C., Tirole, J.: Defining two-sided markets. Rand J Econ 2006 (in press)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 687
Multi-Sided Markets with Heterogeneous Users and Negative ExternalitiesPreprint
Teo, E. G. S., & Chen, H. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2213037 · Cited by 1
Strategies for network platform evolution
Shrivastava, S. (2012) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Experimental studies of arbitration mechanism and two-sided markets
Nedelescu, D. M. (2013) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 1
Third-Party Clearinghouses and Intellectual Property LicensingPreprint
Aoki, R., & Schiff, A. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1018578 · Cited by 1
From Win-Win to Winner-Take-AllPreprint
Ko, C. Y., & Shen, B. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2676452 · Cited by 1
Platform-Merchant Competition for Selling ServicesPreprint
Mariotto, C., & Verdier, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2667552 · Cited by 1
BUSINESS MODEL ANALYSIS ON ANDROID APP STORES
Heikkinen, L. (2013) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 1
Cennamo, C., Ozalp, H., & Kretschmer, T. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2839741 · Cited by 1
Price Customization and Content Provision in Media Markets
Du, J. (2018) · Cited by 1
Competition in Two Sided Markets with CongestionPreprint
Sharma, S. K. (2018) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Accelerating Entrepreneurial Decision-Making Through Hybrid IntelligencePreprint
Dellermann, D. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.17170/kobra-202004301196 · Cited by 2
Applications Barriers to Entry and Exclusive Vertical Contracts in Platform MarketsPreprint
Prieger, J. E., & Hu, W. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1078628 · Cited by 1
Multi-Sided MarketPreprint
Chen, L. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3320938 · Cited by 1
Platform Competition and Interoperability: The Net Fee ModelPreprint
Ekmekci, M., White, A., & Wu, L. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3945134 · Cited by 1
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408066-9.09999-9 · Cited by 1
Intraplatform and Interplatform Competition ——Evidence from E-Commerce PlatformsPreprint
Qu, C., Liu, H., & Hongfei, S. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2069901/v1 · Cited by 1
Internet infrastructure and competition in digital marketsPreprint
Hanspach, P. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4262723 · Cited by 1
Platform Competition and Information SharingPreprint
Petropoulos, G., Martens, B., PARKER, G. G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4528803 · Cited by 1
“The underlying economic mechanism for solving the data bottleneck is analogous to the competitive bottleneck market failure (Armstrong, 2006; Armstrong & Wright, 2007) and how allowing consumers to multi-home can resolve it (Bakos & Halaburda, 2020; Belleflamme & Peitz, 2019b).”
BackgroundPlatform Competition and Information SharingPreprint
Petropoulos, G., Martens, B., Parker, G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4583753 · Cited by 1
Small Firms and Digital PlatformsPreprint
Chadha, N., Pingali, V., & Sokol, D. D. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4573570 · Cited by 1
Platform Competition with Exclusive Dealing and Loyalty ProgramsPreprint
Luo, L., & Yang, N. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4632832 · Cited by 1
A Tale of Two Markets: Competitive Advantage, Platforms, and Cross-Market BundlingPreprint
Dong, X., & Cong, J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4652442 · Cited by 1
Platform Competition and Producer Participation: The Role of Market ExpansionPreprint
Zhang, X., Wang, K., & Bhargava, H. K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4728676 · Cited by 1
“…complicated extensions of the revenue-share scheme: e.g., they collaborate with developers to promote games leveraging their own marketing reach, release beta versions of games on their platform, or strike exclusive deals with superstar producers (Armstrong and Wright, 2007; Carroni et al., 2023).”
BackgroundBoilley, A. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Considering Fixed-Mobile Convergence Service as a Two-Sided Market
Ida, T., & Kuroda, T. (2009) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 1
Artificial Intelligence and Algorithmic Price Collusion in Two-sided MarketsPreprint
Chica, C., Guo, Y., & Lerman, G. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5896610 · Cited by 1
Tying by an Essential-Good Monopolist: The Role of Multihoming and the Reversible TiePreprint
Shim, S. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1378846
Essays on Industrial Organization and Multi-market Contact
Lee, P. Y. (2011) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Does Self-Regulation of Advertisement Length Improve Consumer Welfare?Preprint
Matsubae, T., & Matsushima, N. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1987915
“That is, we can investigate a broadcasting industry with two-sided competition ( Rochet and Tirole (2003) and Armstrong and Wright (2007)).”
The Control of Porting in Two-Sided MarketsPreprint
Pollock, R. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.17863/cam.5123
Tirole's Industrial Regulation and Organization Legacy in EconomicsPreprint
Fudenberg, D. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2587280
The Smartphone You Want on the Carrier You Don't
MacCrory, F., & Shivendu, S. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2617848.2617856
“In the US, the Department of Justice and FCC have reviewed this exclusive contract and a number of court cases have been launched, though without much success [6, 22, 34].”
BackgroundA Model of Monopoly E-Marketplaces with Inter- and Intra-Group Externalities in Two-Sided Markets
Li, L., & Chai, Y. (2010) · International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS) · doi:10.1109/icmss.2010.5576675
“(2) If the size of network externalities to group 2 (group 1) is bigger than that to group 1 (group 2), b2>b1 (b1>b2), the service price charged to group 1, p1 (group 2, p2), will be higher when the information benefit to group 2, B2 (group 1, B1), becomes bigger,.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEssays on firm strategies and consumer dynamics in socially embedded technology networks
Mukherjee, R. (2013) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Platform interconnection and quality incentivesPreprint
Salim, C. (2008) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.17169/fudocs_document_000000002831
“Proof of Proposition 2: If platforms operate exclusively, agents’ utilities are given by (2) and (4).”
BackgroundThe Incumbency Protection Power of Network Effects: Hype or Reality?
Barua, A., & Mukherjee, R. (2011)
Pricing in two-sided markets and social Networks
Carroni, E. (2014) · UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari)
Pollock, R. (2008) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.16512
Baye, M. R., & Morgan, J. W. (2013) · The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2856-1
Price Competition between Platforms: The Case of eBay vs. Yahoo! Auctions
Behringer, S. (2014) · World Scientific-Now Publishers series in business · doi:10.1142/9789814616362_0006
Economics of Payment CardsPreprint
Bedre-Defolie, Ö., & Gratz, L. (2015) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Competition in the web search market: impact of user behaviour
Kudryashova, N. (2016) · MERCATI & COMPETITIVITÀ · doi:10.3280/mc2016-001008
DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT , CONCORRÊNCIA E ACESSO AO CONHECIMENTO NO MERCADO DE LIVROS DIGITAIS
Bittar, A. C. F. (2015) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Clement, R., & Schreiber, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49047-1_10
Tiwana, A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408066-9.00010-2
TOWARDS A THEORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM ADOPTION Research-in-Progress
Song, J., Baker, J., Choi, H., & Bhattacherjee, A. (2013)
Research on Pricing Strategy of Used Mobile Phone Recycling Platform
Guo, Y., & Dong, M. (2016) · International Education, Economics, Social Science, Arts, Sports and Management Engineering Conference (IEESASM) · doi:10.2991/ieesasm-16.2016.294
Kouris, I., & Piller, F. T. (2014)
Vertical integration research of oligopoly platform enterprises
Cai, S., & Wang, Y. (2011) · International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT) · doi:10.1109/iccsnt.2011.6182314
“1783 Formulas (6) and (7) indicate the following findings: First, when consumers are choosing to join the platform, the scale of consumers is in negative correlation with the membership fee consumers paid, but is in positive correlation with the price of the other platform, that is, stronger substitutability and highe…”
BackgroundMultihoming and cross-platform spillover effect on mobile game platforms
Koryakina, N., Yan, X., Kim, J. M., & Lee, C. H. (2016) · International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE) · doi:10.1109/icmse.2016.8365644
Competing Across Platforms: Antecedents of Platform Mobility
Wang, Y., Rajagopalan, N., & Yue, L. Q. (2018) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2018.17435abstract
Winter, J., Battisti, S., Burström, T., & Luukkainen, S. (2019) · World Scientific series in R&D management · doi:10.1142/9789813278165_0001
An Antitrust Practitioner's Guide to Platform Markets: A Review of the Relevant Economic LiteraturePreprint
Saattvic, S. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3157537
On Deregulating the Real Estate Brokerage Fee of Korea
Lee, S. (2019) · Journal of Real Estate Analysis · doi:10.30902/jrea.2019.5.2.57
On the Theoretical Economic Study of the Industrial Organization of Digital Platforms
Sanchez-Cartas, J. M. (2018) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.53654
Two Sided Markets: The Case of The Waterbed Effect in OECD Mobile Telecommunications Markets
Kar, M. (2019) · Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu dergisi · doi:10.29249/selcuksbmyd.531070
Smart Custom Package Decision for Mobile Internet Services
Yang, Z., Zheng, C., Jiang, H., Zeng, Y., Hu, Z., & Wen, D. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34139-8_16
Athayde, A. (2020) · Revista Direito GV · doi:10.1590/2317-6172201940
Four essays on the economics of maternity care for health policy : evidence from Peru
Anaya-Montes, M. (2019) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Launching a Two-Sided Platform: The Role of Platform Enhancers
Trabucchi, D., Gastaldi, L., Pellizzoni, E., Buganza, T., & Mariano Corso, A. (2018) · Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)
Pricing of Application in Two-Sided Markets
Tregub, I. V. (2020) · International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems · doi:10.12785/ijcds/090604
“Ranging from the works on the description of the two-sided market general theory (Armstrong M., Wright J.) [2,3] to the development of pricing models in these markets as a result of the interaction of both parties, taking into account various network effects, some authors [4] use game-theoretic…”
INFORMATION DISCLOSURE IN THE TWO-SIDED MARKET
Gong, Y., & Lu, Y. (2020) · The Singapore Economic Review · doi:10.1142/s0217590821500028
Dudrina, V. A., & Sluzhevskaya, V. D. (2020) · Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics Electronic Journal · doi:10.38050/2078-3809-2020-12-4-56-87
A Complexity Perspective on Innovation in Ecosystems
den Hamer, P. (2020) · doi:10.33540/516
Wimmer, B. S., Philander, K. S., & Redona, M. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3233040
Andreangeli, A. (2021) · European Competition Journal · doi:10.1080/17441056.2021.1872928
Zhang, H., Li, L., He, X., & Zhu, X. (2020) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67781-7_10
Technological Change and Natural Monopolies in Digital Industries
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.002
The Institutional Dimension of Alternative Policy Options
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.006
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.005
“Platform Holdup” and Platform RegulationPreprint
Huang, J., & Xie, D. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3823668
Zheng Sheng Hua, B. T. E. H. (2021) · CONVERTER · doi:10.17762/converter.204
The Internet Sector and Network Neutrality: Where Does the EU Stand?Preprint
Mu, H., & Reggiani, C. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2407465
“3 Table 3 is based on Rochet and Tirole (2003), Wright (2004), Armstrong (2006), Rochet and Tirole (2006), Evans and Schmalensee (2007), Armstrong and Wright (2007).”
BackgroundMalavolti, E., & Marty, F. M. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2213707
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.007
Morabito, V. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04307-4_3
Online Markets and Nonprice Competition
Ma, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8766-2_3
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.001
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.003
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.008
Essays on the Theory of Two-Sided Markets
Horvath, D. M. (2022) · doi:10.14267/phd.2022013
“This is consistent with the ndings of Armstrong and Wright (2007) and Llanes and Ruiz-Aliseda (2015).”
BackgroundResultDucci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.009
Clement, R., & Schreiber, D. (2013) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36719-9_4
Andronova, E., & Akzhigitova, G. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3860829
Armstrong, M., & Wright, J. (2018) · The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2758
Self-citationNETWORK EXTERNALITIES, DOMINANT VALUE MARGINS, AND EQUILIBRIUM UNIQUENESS
Choi, J. P., & Stefanadis, C. (2022) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/iere.12587
Bike-Sharing Duopoly Competition Under Government RegulationPreprint
Wang, Y., Jin, H., Zheng, S., So, K. C., & Wang, K. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4098790
Pricing in Two-Sided Markets on the Plain with Different Agent Types
Konovalchikova, E. N., & Ivashko, A. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09607-5_14
EVOLUTION OF THE BRAZILIAN DIGITAL PAYMENT METHODS MARKET
Augusto, E., Marcellino, G. C., Roble, G. L. D. E., Pereira, L. F. P., & de Morais, F. R. (2021) · Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS · doi:10.23925/2179-3565.2021v12i4p77-90
Subsidizing Policies Options for Promoting Electric Vehicle Adoption in Chinese Rural AreasPreprint
Liu, J., Li, L., Ling-ling, H., Ma, X., & Yuan, H. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4174010
Lnnovation of Application Mode of Credit Data in E-commerce Platform
Feng, D. (2022) · Asia Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Machine Learning (CACML) · doi:10.1109/cacml55074.2022.00095
“profit model mainly focuses on the following aspects:(1 )e-commerce profit model;The definition of formula;(2)Composition of e-commerce profit model;(3) tools for e-commerce profitability performance (design)”
BackgroundOnline Content and Platform Liability
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0009 · Cited by 1
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0009
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0005
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0008
Metadata
- Authors
- Armstrong, M., & Wright, J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, Julian
- Venue
- Economic Theory
- Published
- 2006-05-05
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 353-380
- ISSN
- 0938-2259 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0479
- OpenAlex
- W3124640067
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 62.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Economic Theory (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) (acceptedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Auction Theory and Applications
- Keywords
- two-sided markets, exclusive contracts, product differentiation, platform competition, gains from trade, platform heterogeneity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review