The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Two-sided Markets, Competitive Bottlenecks and Exclusive Contracts
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, multihoming is a costly endeavor for complementors; it requires compliance with the technical specifications and esthetic standards unique to each platform (Armstrong and Wright 2007).”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
In the citing paper
“Multihoming carries substantial costs for the complementors (Armstrong and Wright 2007) which must be weighed against the marginal benefits of joining yet another platform.”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
In the citing paper
“multihoming carries important costs for the complementors (Armstrong and Wright 2007) which tend to increase with the technological distance between platforms and different versions of platform architecture”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Armstrong and Wright 2007
Citations
Cites
Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322493212 · Cited by 5,642
Competition in two-sided markets
Armstrong, M. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x · Cited by 3,315
Self-citationTwo-sided markets: A progress report
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00036.x · Cited by 2,994
Chicken & Egg: Competition among Intermediation Service Providers
Caillaud, B., & Jullien, B. (2003) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1593720 · Cited by 1,799
Some Empirical Aspects of Multi-sided Platform Industries
Evans, D. S. (2003) · Review of Network Economics · doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1026 · Cited by 605
Competition Between Networks: A Study of the Market for Yellow Pages
Rysman, M. (2004) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/0034-6527.00512 · Cited by 527
The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets
Evans, D. S. (2003) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 499
The theory of access pricing and interconnection
Armstrong, M. (2001) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 359
Self-citationOne-sided Logic in Two-sided Markets
Wright, J. (2004) · Review of Network Economics · doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1042 · Cited by 299
Self-citationBernheim, B. D., & Whinston, M. D. (1998) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/250003 · Cited by 288
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rochet, J.-C., Tirole, J.: Defining two-sided markets. Rand J Econ 2006 (in press)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–687 of 687
Disinformation in the Digital Age
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0014
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.005.0001
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Technology and the Covid-19 Pandemic
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0003
Introduction: Why You Should Read This Book
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0011
Facts about the European Digital Economy
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0002
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0010
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0004
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0007
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0007
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0010
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0004
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0012
Mariniello, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0011
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831471.002.0003
Consumer preferences for network liquidity and opponent quality in online poker
Wimmer, B. S., & Philander, K. S. (2023) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2022.2160000
“…and multi-homing on market outcomes and business strategies, as well as the conditions under which network effects lead to winner-take-all outcomes (Armstrong & Wright, 2007; Armstrong, 2006; Caillaud & Jullien, 2003; Parker & Van Alstyne, 2005; Rochet & Tirole, 2003, 2006; Rysman, 2009; Weyl,…”
BackgroundDampak Inovasi Sistem Pembayaran Terhadap Nilai Pemegang Saham Bank Dan Pengecer
Muditomo, A., Syaukat, Y., Andati, T., & Hasanah, N. N. (2022) · Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan · doi:10.22219/jrak.v12i2.18304
Digitalisierungswege in Innenstädten
Betzing, J. H., Hoffmeister, B., Niemann, M., Becker, J., Heiden, P. Z., Bartelheimer, C., Berendes, C. I., & Beverungen, D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65814-7_3
Optimum Positioning of Network Platforms on a Plane
Konovalchikova, E. N. (2022) · Automation and Remote Control · doi:10.1134/s00051179220120128
Digital platforms, multi-sided markets, and the anticommon problem
Alvisi, M. (2023) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781803921648.00015
Analyzing game-streaming services in two-sided markets: Direct selling and cloud alliance models
Jhang‐Li, J., & Liou, J.-H. (2023) · Journal of Management and Science · doi:10.26524/jms.13.3
Wei, M. (2023) · International Business & Economics Studies · doi:10.22158/ibes.v5n3p198
Related Theory and Literature Review
Li, J. (2023) · Public economy and urban governance in China · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3974-9_2
Network perspective on complex sociotechnical systems: insights for design and policy decisions
Cao, Q. (2023) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20487164
Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Digital Platforms, and Competition Policies in Asia
Izumi, A., Sawada, Y., Watanabe, Y., & Elhan‐Kayalar, Y. (2023) · doi:10.22617/wps230501-2
Market Structure and Market Behavior Analysis of Anti-Monopoly of Platform Economy
Zhang, W. (2023) · IgMin Research · doi:10.61927/igmin122
Content Length Limit: How Does it Matter for a Consumer-to-Consumer Media Platform?Preprint
Gu, J. Z., & Zhao, X. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4668238
“Broadly, our work belongs to the literature on two-sided platforms (Caillaud and Jullien 2003; Rochet and Tirole 2003, 2006; Armstrong 2006; Armstrong and Wright 2007).”
BackgroundExclusive Portfolio Dealing and Market InefficiencyPreprint
Kessler, N., van Lelyveld, I., & van der Woerd, E. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4721759
Athanasopoulos, T., & Huberts, N. F. D. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4723487
Wang, Y., Zheng, C., Li, Y., & Dao, C. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4783418
Content Self-Producing and Out-Procuring Decision for a Streaming Media PlatformPreprint
Zhang, S., & Chen, J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4836842
Kwak, K. T., Jeong, D., Hong, S., & Lee, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4851238
User Resource Integration Strategy under Horizontal Merger of Platforms
卢, 艺. (2024) · E-Commerce Letters · doi:10.12677/ecl.2024.132441
李, 静. (2024) · Operations Research and Fuzziology · doi:10.12677/orf.2024.143288
蒋, 平. (2024) · Operations Research and Fuzziology · doi:10.12677/orf.2024.144391
Die Ökonomik digitaler multinationaler Unternehmen
Ebersberger, B., & Dachs, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-45724-2_3
Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Pricing in Telecommunications Market Using Agent-Based Model
Oh, H. S., & Park, M. H. (2024) · Journal of Society of Korea Industrial and Systems Engineering · doi:10.11627/jksie.2024.47.4.145
Tripathi, S., Petropoulos, G., & Kyriakou, H. (2026) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2026.499
Complex Dynamics in the Platform Ecosystem Competition Model Between IHAs and THAs
Xiao, J., Xiao, H., & Zhang, X. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251335175
“Scholars such as Armstrong (2006), Armstrong and Wright (2007), Gabszewicz and Wauthy (2014), and Rochet and Tirole (2003, 2006) analyze the influence of externalities on pricing mechanisms through a pricing game model.”
Research on Pricing Strategies of Digital Health Platforms Considering CSR
毕, 弘. (2025) · E-Commerce Letters · doi:10.12677/ecl.2025.1451680
Entrepreneurial opportunities in an “industry vacuum”? Platforms as external enablers
Buzzacchi, L., Grilli, L., & Milone, F. L. (2025) · Industrial and Corporate Change · doi:10.1093/icc/dtaf019
Public vs. Private Payment Platforms: Market Impacts and Optimal PolicyPreprint
Liu, Y., Reshidi, E., & Rivadeneyra, F. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5327481
Separating Complementarity and Variety Effect in Demand Estimation: A Structural ApproachPreprint
Shao, Y., & Ju, H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5362691
On the Long-Run Effects of Multihoming in Platform MarketsPreprint
Choi, J., & Do, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5350292
Literature Review on Competition, Efficiency and Surcharging in the Retail Payment SystemPreprint
Fletcher, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5350532
Dynamic Fee-Setting under Uncertainty in Two-Sided MarketplacesPreprint
Liepold, C. J., & Schiffer, M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5548439
Armstrong, M., & Wright, J. (2008) · The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-58802-2_1747
Self-citationExclusive Portfolio Dealing and Market InefficiencyPreprint
Kessler, N., van Lelyveld, I., & van der Woerd, E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5864122
Strategic delegation in two-sided marketsPreprint
Ribeiro, V. M. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Competition for Exclusivity and Customer Lock-in: Evidence from Copyright Enforcement in ChinaPreprint
Liu, Y. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4408238
“Armstrong and Wright (2007) shows that a platform uses exclusive contracts to persuade agents of one side to stop subscribing to the rival platform and, consequently, can exploit the positive network effect of the other side.”
BackgroundInfluentialHerawatie, D., Siswanto, N., & Widodo, E. (2025) · EPJ Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/epjconf/202534401054
Impact of pre-installation on firm profits, application functionality and welfare
Jakhu, G., & Jain, T. (2026) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.1080/01605682.2025.2605227
Content Exclusivity on Advertising Revenue–Sharing Platforms
Wei, Y., Wei, H., Tian, L., & Jiang, B. (2026) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2025.1852
The Economics of Digital Multinational Corporations
Ebersberger, B., & Dachs, B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-46399-1_19-1
Big Data Price Discrimination: The Choice of First‐Mover Advantage
Li, X., Li, Y., & Wang, K. (2026) · Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society · doi:10.1155/ddns/6687209
Exploring the brokering innovation process : the role of seekers, brokers and solvers
Mezouaghi-Khallouk, R. E. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2421b68ezcfbfz4b1dz80c4z4cbb47bc7d74
Projects as the enablers of ecosystem’s emergence : The case of the connected autonomous mobility
Marcocchia, G. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e97a4972z9113z48b1z98f7z4c2d5ca769fd · Cited by 2
“…strategically set their prices, taking in account the fact that a larger number of actors on one side of the market (i.e the consumers) may attract more actors on the other sides of the market (i.e the sellers) (Armstrong and Wright, 2007; Caillaud and Jullien, 2003; Rochet and Tirole, 2003).”
BackgroundRegulation of Digital Platforms : Essays in Industrial Organization
Thébaudin, G. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/908eb6b6z4ccez4167z950dzf04380881911
Scale Efficiencies and Matching Uncertainty in Two-Sided Markets: Evidence from the Grab-Uber MergerPreprint
Leng, D., Li, B., & Chong, J.-K. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6589820
The Stackelberg–Armstrong model
Sanchez-Cartas, J. M. (2026) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2026.113019
The Economics of Digital Multinational Corporations
Ebersberger, B., & Dachs, B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-49581-7_19
ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ТА МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ЦИФРОВИХ ФІНАНСОВИХ ПЛАТФОРМ
Kuznetsova, S. S. (2026) · Сталий розвиток економіки · doi:10.32782/2308-1988/2026-59-66
Wang, W., & Li, X. (2026) · Nankai Business Review International · doi:10.1108/nbri-12-2025-0156
Vertizontal Price Competition Between Social Media Platforms
Mishra, S. K., & Sarkar, S. (2026) · American Business Review · doi:10.37625/abr.29.1.56-88
Platform Competition and Market Tipping with Preference Alignment
Katsamakas, E. G., & Sanchez-Cartas, J. M. (2026) · Computational Economics · doi:10.1007/s10614-026-11379-8
Li, Y. (2026) · Journal of business and marketing. · doi:10.62517/jbm.202609208
Platform Compatibility in a Two-Sided Market: Pricing Schemes and Coopetition Analysis
Liang, Y., Ma, X., Hsiao, L., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Manufacturing & Service Operations Management · doi:10.1287/msom.2024.0805
Reconstruction of intertemporal pricing competition in two-sided markets based on fairness concerns
Tan, D., Tan, Q., & Chen, K. (2026) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2026.110183
Design-Induced Bottlenecks in Platform Markets: Data Siloing, Buyer Homing, and Seller Fees *Preprint
Junussova, J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7282358
Consumer privacy concerns, multihoming, and platform competition in two-sided markets
Zhang, X., Hong, X., Yue, W. T., & Yu, Y. (2026) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1177/10591478261483184
Gui, Y., Tan, D., Dong, F., & Yi, S. (2026) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-026-10191-8
Chen, Y., & Cai, Y. (2026) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.1080/01605682.2026.2730525
Price Parity Clauses When Platform Commissions Differ: A Welfare AnalysisPreprint
Lin, Y., Li, Q., & Wang, Z. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7483419
Clement, R., Schreiber, D., Bossauer, P., Pakusch, C., & Vaziri, D. D. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-73743-9_10
The Market Power Effect of Uniform Delivered Pricing and Platform Competition
Tesoriere, A. (2026) · Italian Economic Journal · doi:10.1007/s40797-026-00415-z
Mothobi, O. (2026) · Journal of Industry Competition and Trade · doi:10.1007/s10842-026-00488-7
Competitive Bottlenecks and Platform Spillovers
Teh, T., & Wright, J. (2026) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.20240259
Self-citationPlatform Regulation on Seller Heterogeneity
Wu, R., & Lin, M. J. (2013)
Interchanges et tarification des systèmes de paiement par carte.
Verdier, M. (2008) · HAL
Metadata
- Authors
- Armstrong, M., & Wright, J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, Julian
- Venue
- Economic Theory
- Published
- 2006-05-05
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 353-380
- ISSN
- 0938-2259 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0479
- OpenAlex
- W3124640067
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 62.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Economic Theory (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) (acceptedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Auction Theory and Applications
- Keywords
- two-sided markets, exclusive contracts, product differentiation, platform competition, gains from trade, platform heterogeneity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review