The microbiome-gut-brain axis: implications for schizophrenia and antipsychotic induced weight gain
Abstract
With the emergence of knowledge implicating the human gut microbiome in the development and regulation of several physiological systems, evidence has accumulated to suggest a role for the gut microbiome in psychiatric conditions and drug response. A complex relationship between the enteric nervous system, the gut microbiota and the central nervous system has been described which allows for the microbiota to influence and respond to a variety of behaviors and psychiatric conditions. Additionally, the use of pharmaceuticals may interact with and alter the microbiota to potentially contribute to adverse effects of the drug. The gut microbiota has been described in several psychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety, but only a few reports have discussed the role of the microbiome in schizophrenia. The following review examines the evidence surrounding the gut microbiota in behavior and psychiatric illness, the role of the microbiota in schizophrenia and the potential for antipsychotics to alter the gut microbiota and promote adverse metabolic events.
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The gut microbiota may confer beneficial effects on schizophrenia by regulating the expression of neurotrophic factor receptors and the levels of inflammatory factors and chemokines, thereby alleviating metabolic dysfunction.
“Notably, the gut microbiota may confer beneficial effects on SZ by regulating the expression of neurotrophic factor receptors and the levels of inflammatory factors and chemokines, thereby alleviating metabolic dysfunction and providing a new direction for obtaining beneficial effects in patients with SZ [20,21].”
From Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The vagus nerve is a chief mediator of the bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis through cholinergic activation of nicotinic receptors.
“Lastly, the vagus nerve is a chief mediator of the bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis through cholinergic activation of nicotinic receptors102.”
From Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in schizophrenia: impact on cognitive and metabolic health (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
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- Authors
- Kanji, S., Fonseka, T. M., Marshe, V. S., Sriretnakumar, V., Hahn, M. K., & Müller, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Müller, D. J.
- Venue
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-06-17
- Volume
- 268
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-15
- ISSN
- 0003-9373 (ISSN-L)
- 0940-1334
- 1433-8491
- OpenAlex
- W2626393670
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 0.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, microbiome-gut-brain axis, schizophrenia, antipsychotic-induced weight gain, mental illness, depression, anxiety, enteric nervous system, adverse drug reactions
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Brain, Humans, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Weight Gain
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