Depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis. A clinical and MRI study in 95 subjects
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between involvement of specific areas of the brain and the occurrence of depression and anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis. We studied 95 patients (62 women and 33 men, mean age 39.5 years, SD 11.2) with definite MS, 97 patients (65 women and 32 men, mean age 40.7, SD 11.9) suffering from chronic rheumatoid diseases and 110 healthy subjects (71 women and 39 men, mean age 40.1, SD 12.7). The disability, the independence, the cognitive performances, the depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed. The diagnosis of major depression was made according to the DSM-IV. The patients with multiple sclerosis underwent a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance examination including T1 and T2 weighted images. Calculation of regional and total lesion loads and brain volumes were performed. The number (%) of subjects with a diagnosis of major depression was 18 (18.9) among MS cases, 16 (16.5) among controls with chronic disease (p=NS), and 4 (3.6) among healthy volunteers (p < 0.0001). The Hamilton Depression and Anxiety rating scales median scores were 5 and 18, respectively in the MS patients, 5 (p= NS) and 14 (p= NS) in the chronic rheumatoid diseases controls, and 3 (p= < 0.0001) and 6 (p= < 0.0001) in the healthy controls. Both severity of depressive symptoms and diagnosis of major depression correlated, albeit weakly, with right frontal lesion load (r=0.22, p=0.035, and r=0.23, p=0.026, respectively) and right temporal…
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Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
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A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis: Overview
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“27 They reported a median anxiety score on the HADS of 18 (the usual cut-off for highly probable cases is 10/ 11).”
BackgroundMethodThe incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review
Marrie, R. A., Reingold, S., Cohen, J., Stuve, O., Trojano, M., Sorensen, P. S., Cutter, G., & Reider, N. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458514564487 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
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“In MS patients there is an increased incidence of osteoporosis [25–27] (reduced bone mineral density), depression [28], fatigue [29] and death from cardiovascular diseases [30].”
BackgroundQuality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis
Janardhan, V., & Bakshi, R. (2002) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00312-x · Cited by 489 · see citing works
“Brain atrophy has also been correlated with impairment of QOL [2] and depression [40,41] in patients with MS.”
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“related to the cerebral pathology, causes are considered (24, 25).”
BackgroundResultDepression in multiple sclerosis: Review and theoretical proposal
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“This was often because they relied on patients attending a clinic, or because the studies included other number-limiting factors such as neuropsychiatric and clinical examinations, or they were part of a clinical trial [1,2,5–7].”
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“Presumably due to a combination of brain lesions and reactive behaviors [35,36] depression and/or anxiety are highly prevalent in MS patients [37 – 39].”
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“[37] Some studies have found associations between depression and severity of MS as reflected by degree of disability [38], but other studies have not replicated these findings.”
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“…are common in those with MS with high levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms documented (Chwastiak, Ehde, & Gibbons, 2002; Jean, Beatty, Paul, & Mullins, 1997; Patten, Beck, Williams, Barbui, & Metz, 2003; Zorzon et al., 2001) including in those that have been newly *Corresponding author.”
BackgroundResultThe psychology of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A review
Bol, Y., Duits, A., Hupperts, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Verhey, F. R. J. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.003 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
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“Regarding his subject, a right/left asymmetry was found with predomnance of the lesions in left [26–28] than in the right [29] emisphere.”
BackgroundInfluentialIL-10 modulates depressive-like behavior.
Mesquita, A., Correia-Neves, M., Roque, S., Castro, A. G., Vieira, P., Pedrosa, J., Palha, J., & Sousa, N. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.02.004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the present observations might be of relevance in all those conditions (autoimmune, malignant and infectious disease) associated to polymorphisms of the IL-10 family gene clusters in which depression seems to be more prevalent (Nery et al., 2007; van Boxel-Dezaire et al., 1999; Zorzon et al., 2001).”
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“We are aware of only one study of the HRSD in an unselected general population sample (Zorzon et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuropsychiatric syndromes of multiple sclerosis
Murphy, R., O’Donoghue, S., Counihan, T. J., McDonald, C., Calabresi, P. A., Ahmed, M. A., Kaplin, A. I., & Hallahan, B. P. (2017) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-315367 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Social cognition and Theory of Mind in patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
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“The higher rate of depressive and anxiety symptoms amongst patients with MS may support this hypothesis, as certain affective states may influence meta-representational skills [48,49].”
BackgroundDepressive symptoms, anxiety and cognitive impairment: emerging evidence in multiple sclerosis
Margoni, M., Preziosa, P., Rocca, M. A., & Filippi, M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02555-7 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“The lack of definite pathological substrates leads to consider anxiety as a reactive response following disease progression [91].”
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“Some (Bakshi et al 2000; Feinstein et al 2004; Zorzon et al 2001) but not all (Zorzon et al 2002) studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown associations of depression in MS with lesion load in several brain areas including the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe, but these efforts…”
Galeazzi, G., Ferrari, S., Giaroli, G., Mackinnon, A., Merelli, E., Motti, L., & Rigatelli, M. (2005) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-005-0468-8 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Other researchers have suggested that a correlation between severity of disability in MS and depression speaks in favour of the thesis that depression represents a psychogenic reaction to the neurologic condition [11].”
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“2013;15(6) reported that the practice of yoga improves VO2 (29), which would probably be beneficial for improvement of endurance in MS patients.”
BackgroundPassamonti, L., Cerasa, A., Liguori, M., Gioia, M. C., Valentino, P., Nisticò, R., Quattrone, A., & Fera, F. (2009) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awp095 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Another study associated lesions in the left arcuate fasciculus to depressive symptoms (Pujol et al., 1997) and further experiments showed that depression was correlated with damage in both frontal and temporal cortices (Zorzon et al., 2001; Feinstein et al., 2004).”
BackgroundJanssens, A. C., Buljevac, D., van Doorn, P. A., van der Meché, F. G., Polman, C. H., Passchier, J., & Hintzen, R. Q. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458506070935 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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“It has been widely used in studies of chronically ill patients, including individuals living with MS (Smith and Young, 2000; Zorzon et al., 2001).”
BackgroundExperiences of adjusting to early stage Multiple Sclerosis
Dennison, L., Yardley, L., Devereux, A., & Moss-Morris, R. (2011) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105310384299 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“However, research has clearly demonstrated high levels of psychosocial problems in people with MS including psychological distress (Janssens et al., 2003; Zorzon et al., 2001), relationship and social role difficulties (Hakim et al.”
Backgroundda Silva, A. M., Vilhena, E., Lopes, A., Santos, E., Gonçalves, M. A., Pinto, C., Moreira, I., Mendonça, D., & Cavaco, S. (2011) · Journal of Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.03.042 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous reports, HADS' depression scores among MS patients were significantly higher for women [2,6,28] and were significantly associated with higher disability, as measured by EDSS [17,28,30,31].”
InfluentialBehavioural phenotypes in the cuprizone model of central nervous system demyelination.
Sen, M. K., Mahns, D., Coorssen, J., & Shortland, P. (2019) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.008 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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DeLuca, J., & Nocentini, U. (2011) · NeuroRehabilitation (Reading, MA) · doi:10.3233/nre-2011-0695 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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Garfield, A., & Lincoln, N. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.667503 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Previous studies that have focused on factors relating to the disease process, for example lesion site [12], time since diagnosis [2,13,14] and MS phenotype [2,14] have found no significant association with anxiety.”
BackgroundCampbell, J. L., Langdon, D. W., Cercignani, M., & Rashid, W. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/4292585 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“The pathophysiology of depression in MS is unclear but numerous factors have been associated with its development [210].”
BackgroundRole of MRI in multiple sclerosis II: brain and spinal cord atrophy.
Zivadinov, R., & Bakshi, R. (2004) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.2741/1262 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationTsivgoulis, G., Triantafyllou, N., Papageorgiou, C., Evangelopoulos, M., Kararizou, E., Sfagos, C., & Vassilopoulos, D. (2007) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00736.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“In addition, the lack of any significant association between symptoms of anxiety and either MRI abnormalities or demographic (age, sex) or other clinical (duration of illness) characteristics both in the present as well as in other samples of MS patients (5) implies that anxiety might be a reactive response to the psy…”
BackgroundResultSchmidt, S., & Jöstingmeyer, P. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.07.029 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Relationship between Psychosocial Factors and Onset of Multiple Sclerosis
Liu, X.-J., Ye, H.-X., Li, W.-P., Dai, R., Chen, D., & Jin, M. (2009) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000226428 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Among the psychological symptoms, depression is of great concern, and it has a high correlation with the life quality of MS patients and their vocational ability [ , ,”
BackgroundDepressive symptoms and MRI changes in multiple sclerosis
Zorzon, M., Zivadinov, R., Nasuelli, D., Ukmar, M., Bratina, A., Tommasi, M. A., Mucelli, R. P., Brnabic-Razmilic, O., Grop, A., Bonfigli, L., et al. (2002) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00442.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationDennison, L., Moss-Morris, R., Silber, E., Galea, I., & Chalder, T. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.04.009 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Research demonstrates elevated levels of depression and psychological distress [5,6], anxiety [7], relationship and social dysfunction [8,9], and reduced quality of life [6,10] in PwMS.”
BackgroundPucak, M. L., Carroll, K. A. L., Kerr, D. A., & Kaplin, A. L. (2007) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2007.9.2/mpucak · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“An MRI study of 95 consecutive MS patients, in which 19% of the patients met the criteria for major depression, reported that severity of depression and a diagnosis of major depression were correlated not only with right frontal lesion load but also with right temporal brain volume.(28) Furthermore, black holes as det…”
BackgroundBrown, R. F., Tennant, C. C., Sharrock, M., Hodgkinson, S. J., Dunn, S. M., & Pollard, J. D. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458506ms1296oa · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Although some studies have reported associations between MS relapse and depression [2 5], anxiety [4], and health LOC [11], others failed to find any relationship between depressed mood to relapse [50,51].”
ResultThe Effects of Stressful Life Events on the Course of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Mitsonis, C., Potagas, C. M., Zervas, I. M., & Sfagos, K. (2009) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450802480192 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…lesions in MRI and/or the total load of MRI lesions suggest that stress is rather reactive to stressful situations and not a symptom of the disease (Zorzon et al., 2001), an assumption supported by reports of greater number of stressful life events in anxious patients than in patients with low…”
ResultSymptomatic treatment and management of multiple sclerosis
Toosy, A., Ciccarelli, O., & Thompson, A. J. (2014) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00023-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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“Fewer studies have been conducted on anxiety in people with MS, but it has been observed that anxiety is also of high prevalence and that it can affect the family members as well [10,11,27,48].”
BackgroundGold, S. M., O'Connor, M., Gill, R., Kern, K. C., Shi, Y.-G., Henry, R. G., Pelletier, D., Mohr, D. C., & Sicotte, N. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22154 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Several papers have reported associations between MS-associated depression and decreased regional gray matter volumes, in particular in the temporal lobe [Feinstein et al., 2004; Zorzon et al., 2001, 2002].”
BackgroundThe prevalence of anxiety and associated factors in persons with multiple sclerosis
Pham, T., Jetté, N., Bulloch, A. G. M., Burton, J. M., Wiebe, S., & Patten, S. B. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2017.11.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Depressive syndromes in neurological disorders
Hellmann‐Regen, J., Piber, D., Hinkelmann, K., Gold, S. M., Heesen, C., Spitzer, C., Endres, M., & Otte, C. (2013) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0448-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“While the location of lesions in depressed MS patients did not reveal any consistent topological patterns with an effect on mood [12, 13, 46, 163, 164], there appears to be a more robust association of MSrelated depression with regional cortical atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobe [46, 163, 164].”
Carletto, S., Borghi, M., Bertino, G., Oliva, F., Cavallo, M., Hofmann, A., Zennaro, A., Malucchi, S., & Ostacoli, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00526 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Antonijevic, I., & Steiger, A. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00085-9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“A relationship between depressive symptoms in MS and the inflammatory process has been reported (Fassbender et al., 1998; Mikova et al., 2001; Mohr et al., 2001; Zorzon et al., 2001).”
BackgroundAdaptation to Physical Disabilities: The Role of Meaning in Life and Depression
Psarra, E., & Kleftaras, G. (2013) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejcop.v2i1.7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In addition, depression is also prevalent in chronic illnesses, such as multiple sclerosis (Arnett & Randolph, 2006; Chwastiak et al., 2002; Feinstein & Feinstein, 2001; Figved et al., 2005; Galeazzi et al., 2005; Miller, 2001; Patten, Beck, Williams, Barbui, & Metz, 2003; Patten, Svenson, & Metz, 2005; Siegert & Aber…”
A stress-induced, superoxide-mediated caspase-1 activation pathway causes plasma IL-18 upregulation.
Sekiyama, A., Ueda, H., Kashiwamura, S., Sekiyama, R., Takeda, M., Rokutan, K., & Okamura, H. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Pathogenic mechanisms of depression in multiple sclerosis.
Vattakatuchery, J. J., Rickards, H., & Cavanna, A. (2011) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.23.3.261 · Cited by 59
di Legge, S., Piattella, M., Pozzilli, C., Pantano, P., Caramia, F., Pestalozza, I., Paolillo, A., & Lenzi, G. (2003) · Multiple Sclerosis · doi:10.1191/1352458503ms921oa · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Detaching from the negative by reappraisal: the role of right superior frontal gyrus (BA9/32)
Falquez, R., Couto, B., Ibanez, A., Freitag, M. T., Berger, M., Arens, E., Lang, S., & Barnow, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00165 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“These results are in agreement with previous studies investigating lesions in the right hemisphere, which also show associations with impaired affective processing, reflected by the presence of anxiety and depression (Berg et al., 2000; Zorzon et al., 2001, 2002).”
ResultPsychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis
Sparaco, M., Lavorgna, L., & Bonavita, S. (2019) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09426-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“[72] No correlation between A and LL No correlation between A and brain volume”
BackgroundInfluentialGender Issues in Multiple Sclerosis: An Update
Jobin, C., Larochelle, C., Parpal, H., Coyle, P., & Duquette, P. (2010) · Women's Health · doi:10.2217/whe.10.69 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Janssens, A. C. J. W., van Doorn, P. A., de Boer, J. B., van der Meché, F. G. A., Passchier, J., & Hintzen, R. Q. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00260-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mattioli, F., Bellomi, F., Stampatori, C., Parrinello, G., & Capra, R. (2011) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-011-0624-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Depression is reported to be associated with illness severity, as reflected by degree of disability by several studies [1, 31, 32] although others failed to replicate this finding [33, 34].”
ResultBarlow, J. H., Edwards, R. G., & Turner, A. (2009) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440802040277 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Depression and anxiety are not consistently related to physiological factors such as brain lesions and specific patterns of neurological involvement; therefore psychosocial aspects of living with MS and disease impact are implicated as important causes of depression (Zorzon et al, 2001 ).”
BackgroundRelationships among Anxiety, Depression, and Executive Functioning in Multiple Sclerosis
Julian, L., & Arnett, P. (2009) · Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040802665808 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sarno, E., Moeser, A. J., & Robison, A. J. (2021) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.03.004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“2%) (Engum, Mykletun, Midthjell, Holen, & Dahl, 2005), rheumatoid arthritis (15%) (Pincus, Griffith, Pearce, & Isenberg, 1996), multiple sclerosis (18%) (Zorzon et al., 2001), and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS; 6.”
Review: Brain—immune communication psychoneuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis
Kern, S., & Ziemssen, T. (2008) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458507079657 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“An alternative explanation comes from neuroimaging data showing that brain lesions in frontal regions and reduced temporal lobe volume have been positively associated with depressive symptoms [197,198].”
BackgroundLiu, Y., & Tang, X.-Q. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00451 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Worries and concerns of patients with multiple sclerosis: development of an assessment scale
Thornton, E. W., Tedman, S., Rigby, S., Bashforth, H., & Young, C. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/135248506ms1273oa · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Riccelli, R., Passamonti, L., Cerasa, A., Nigro, S., Cavalli, S. M., Chiriaco, C., Valentino, P., Nisticò, R., & Quattrone, A. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis · doi:10.1177/1352458515606987 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Multiple Sclerosis Decreases Explicit Counterfactual Processing and Risk Taking in Decision Making
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“Prepregnancy BMI >25 43 (34) 30 (35) 101 (37) 30,803 (31)”
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“, 1997), and multiple sclerosis (Zorzon et al., 2001).”
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BackgroundInfluentialCognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis.
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“[88] Zorzon M, de Masi R, Nasuelli D, Ukmar M, Mucelli RP, Cazzato G, et al.”
BackgroundPsychiatric manifestations of multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
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“Clinicians should keep this in mind, especially underlying demyelination requiring specific diagnostic work-up and therapy.”
BackgroundAlterations in chemokine expression following Theiler's virus infection and restraint stress.
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“Exposure to physical or/and psychological stressors can result in the exacerbation of clinical signs in MS patients, such as an increase in degree of disability, worsening of cognitive difficulties and an increase in severity of brain lesions (Mohr et al., 2002; Zorzon et al., 2001).”
BackgroundA complex relation between depression and multiple sclerosis: a descriptive review
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“(Janssens et al., 2003; Zorzon et al., 2001), relationship and social role difficulties (Hakim et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialNetwork alterations underlying anxiety symptoms in early multiple sclerosis
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“However, MRI-derived total brain volume as well as white matter lesion load was not associated with anxiety levels in multiple sclerosis in early association studies [11, 12].”
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Recognizing and Treating Common Psychiatric Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis
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“For example, an examination of 95 patients with MS found an association between depression and right temporal lesions but no association between brain lesions and anxiety.(39) Clearly, more research on a potential biologic link between MS and anxiety is needed.”
Fatigue and Affective Manifestations in Multiple Sclerosis—A Cluster Approach
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Neuropsychological correlates of multiple sclerosis across the lifespan
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Biological outcome measurements for behavioral interventions in multiple sclerosis
Fischer, A., Heesen, C., & Gold, S. M. (2011) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/1756285611405252 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“More consistent correlations have been found with regional atrophy, in particular in the temporal lobe [Feinstein et al. 2004; Zorzon et al. 2002, 2001].”
- Authors
- Zorzon, M., de Masi, R., Nasuelli, D., Ukmar, M., Pozzi Mucelli, R., Cazzato, G., Bratina, A., & Zivadinov, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Trieste (IT)
- Ospedale di Cattinara (IT)
- ORCID
- Zivadinov, Robert
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology
- Published
- 2001-05-28
- Volume
- 248
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 416-421
- ISSN
- 0012-1037 (ISSN-L)
- 0340-5354
- 1432-1459
- OpenAlex
- W2055574804
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, depression, anxiety, brain lesions, lesion load, brain volume, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, disability, functional independence, cognitive performance, neuropsychiatric symptoms, right hemisphere dominance, depression severity, anxiety levels, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological
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