Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature
Open accessAbstract
Acute viral respiratory infections are the main infectious disease in the world. In 2020, a new disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), became a global pandemic. The immune response to the virus depends on factors such as genetics, age and physical state, and its main input receptor is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. The practice of physical exercises acts as a modulator of the immune system. During and after physical exercise, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are released, lymphocyte circulation increases, as well as cell recruitment. Such practice has an effect on the lower incidence, intensity of symptoms and mortality in viral infections observed in people who practice physical activity regularly, and its correct execution must be considered to avoid damage. The initial response is given mainly by type I interferons (IFN-I), which drive the action macrophages and lymphocytes, followed by lymphocyte action. A suppression of the IFN-I response has been noted in COVID-19. Severe conditions have been associated with storms of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lymphopenia, as well as circulatory changes and virus dispersion to other organs. The practice of physical activities strengthens the immune system, suggesting a benefit in the response to viral communicable diseases. Thus, regular practice of adequate intensity is suggested as an auxiliary tool in strengthening and preparing the immune system for COVID-19. Further studies are needed to associate physical exercise with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Immune function improves with regular physical activity.
“It is well known that immune function improves with regular PA, and those who are regularly active have a lower incidence, intensity of symptoms and mortality from various viral infections. 7-9”
From Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Regularly active individuals have a lower incidence, symptom intensity, and mortality from various viral infections.
“It is well known that immune function improves with regular PA, and those who are regularly active have a lower incidence, intensity of symptoms and mortality from various viral infections. 7-9”
From Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- da Silveira, M. P., da Silva Fagundes, K. K., Bizuti, M. R., Starck, É., Rossi, R. C., & de Resende e Silva, D. T.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (BR)
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista (BR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- Published
- 2020-07-29
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-28
- ISSN
- 1591-8890 (ISSN-L)
- 1591-9528
- PMC
- PMC7387807
- OpenAlex
- W3045714578
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 10 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 11.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, immune response, cytokines, type I interferon, lymphopenia, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, respiratory viral infections, exercise intensity, lymphocyte circulation
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Humans, Immune System, Neutrophils, Exercise, Cytokines, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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