Cerebellar volume and cognitive functioning in children who experienced early deprivation
Open accessAbstract
Background The cerebellum is a brain region recognized primarily in the coordination of movement and related accessory motor functions. In addition, emerging evidence implicates the cerebellum in cognitive processes and suggests that this brain region might be subject to experience-dependent changes in structure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of early environmental deprivation in the maturation of the cerebellum and aspects of cognitive development.Methods Structural magnetic resonance imaging volumes of 12 cerebellar sub-regions from 31 previously neglected and 30 typically developing children were compared with subjects' corresponding neuropsychological test scores.Results Neglected children had smaller volume of the superior-posterior cerebellar lobes. Moreover, superior-posterior lobe volume was found to mediate neuropsychological test performance differences between groups, with larger volumes yielding better outcomes on tests of memory and planning.Conclusions These data support the importance of experience-dependent changes in cerebellar structure and highlight the role of the cerebellum in higher cognitive functions.
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In humans, neglect predicts impaired performance on tasks requiring cognitive control.
“In humans, neglect predicts impaired performance on tasks requiring cognitive control (Bauer et al., 2009; Bruce et al., 2009; Hostinar et al., 2012; Pollak et al., 2010; Sheridan et al., 2017)”
From Adolescent cognitive control and mediofrontal theta oscillations are disrupted by neglect: Associations with transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology in a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Bauer et al., 2009
In humans, prior work demonstrates that neglect leads to deficits in behavioral outputs of cognitive control.
“behavioral outputs of cognitive control (Bauer et al., 2009; Bruce et al., 2009; Hostinar et al., 2012; Pollak et al., 2010; Sheridan et al., 2017).”
From Adolescent cognitive control and mediofrontal theta oscillations are disrupted by neglect: Associations with transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology in a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Bauer et al., 2009
Prior studies included PI children adopted from other areas of the world and/or excluded children with facial indicators of PAE and still found executive function deficits.
“Prior studies also included PI children adopted from other areas of the world (e.g., Asia, Latin America) and/or excluded children with facial indicators of PAE and still found executive function deficits (Bauer et al., 2009; Bos et al., 2009; Pollak et al., 2010).”
From Inhibitory control and working memory in post-institutionalized children (2013) · cites this paper as Bauer et al., 2009
Executive function deficits, reductions in cortical thickness, and tonic cortical hypoactivation are mechanisms that explain the association of early deprivation with ADHD.
“EF deficits—particularly in working memory and inhibition, reductions in cortical thickness, and patterns of neural function reflecting tonic cortical hypo-activation are mechanisms that explain the association of early deprivation with ADHD.(122, 130, 141)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [130]
Children reared in deprived institutions exhibit smaller total brain volume, pronounced reductions in cortical grey matter, and widespread cortical thinning throughout primary sensory and association cortex in parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes.
“children reared in deprived institutions exhibit smaller total brain volume,(128) pronounced reductions in cortical grey matter(129) and widespread cortical thinning throughout primary sensory and association cortex in the parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes.(130)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [130]
Harsh caregiving experiences have been shown to affect the maturation of the cerebellum.
“In addition, harsh caregiving experiences have been shown to affect the maturation of the cerebellum (Bauer et al., 2009), a brain region that is more dependent upon environmental factors than most other brain regions (Giedd et al., 2007).”
From Oxytocin effects on complex brain networks are moderated by experiences of maternal love withdrawal (2013) · cites this paper as Bauer et al., 2009
Children who experienced early deprivation had smaller superiorposterior cerebellar lobe volumes than a control group.
“This is in line with Bauer et al.'s (2009) study showing that children who experienced early deprivation had smaller superiorposterior cerebellar lobe volumes than a control group.”
From Oxytocin effects on complex brain networks are moderated by experiences of maternal love withdrawal (2013) · cites this paper as Bauer et al., 2009
The quality of caregiving in foster care was indistinguishable from the quality of caregiving in the families of never-institutionalized children from the community, and was significantly better than that in institutions.
“Using the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment, we have previously demonstrated that the quality of caregiving in foster care was indistinguishable from the quality of caregiving in the families of never-institutionalized children from the community, and was significantly better than that in institutions.33”
From Motor outcomes in children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation (2014) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Bauer, P. M., Hanson, J. L., Pierson, R. K., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pollak, Seth D.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1100-1106
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2878609
- OpenAlex
- W2134824722
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068858, P50MH084051, R01MH061285)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD03352., P30HD003352)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- cerebellar volume, early childhood deprivation, child neglect, cognitive development, experience-dependent brain development, memory, planning, brain maturation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychosocial Deprivation, Multivariate Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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