Atypical Social Modulation of Imitation in Autism Spectrum Conditions
Open accessAbstract
Appropriate modulation of imitation according to social context is important for successful social interaction. In the present study we subliminally primed high-functioning adults with ASC and age- and IQ-matched controls with either a pro- or non- social attitude. Following priming, an automatic imitation paradigm was used to acquire an index of imitation. Whereas imitation levels were higher for pro-socially primed relative to non-socially primed control participants, there was no difference between pro- and non- socially primed individuals with ASC. We conclude that high-functioning adults with ASC demonstrate atypical social modulation of imitation. Given the importance of imitation in social interaction we speculate that difficulties with the modulation of imitation may contribute to the social problems characteristic of ASC.
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High-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not show modulation of automatic imitation.
“While high-functioning ASD individuals do not show modulation of automatic imitation (Cook & Bird, 2012)”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Cook & Bird, 2012
The Abstract and Results > Automatic Imitation Task report no difference in imitation between pro-socially and non-socially primed high-functioning adults with ASC. That supports a lack of modulation by this social prime, but not the broader claim that they do not show modulation of automatic imitation under any conditions. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Verbal social primes alter motor contagion during action observation
Sparks, S., Douglas, T., & Kritikos, A. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1113304 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Copying You Copying Me: Interpersonal Motor Co-Ordination Influences Automatic Imitation
Shaw, D. J., Czekóová, K., Chromec, J., Mareček, R., & Brázdil, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084820 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shaw, D. J., Czekóová, K., & Porubanová, M. (2016) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-016-0814-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The way others move can influence what we choose
Forbes, P., Suddell, S. F., Farmer, H., Logeswaran, Y., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818808461 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Conditional effects of gaze on automatic imitation: the role of autistic traits
Trilla, I., Wnendt, H., & Dziobek, I. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72513-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Winkielman, P., Carr, E. W., Chakrabarti, B., Hofree, G., & Kavanagh, L. C. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107587595.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Can measures of social cognition predict autistic traits?
Oliveros, J. C., Santiesteban, I., & Ulloa, J. L. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104056 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The controlled imitation task: a new paradigm for studying self-other control
Obhi, S. S., & Hogeveen, J. (2013) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.161 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rauchbauer, B., Lorenz, C., Lamm, C., & Pfabigan, D. M. (2021) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00878-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Empathic pain: Exploring the multidimensional impacts of biological and social aspects in pain
Cao, Y., Zhang, J., He, X., Wu, C., Liu, Z., Zhu, B., & Miao, L. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110091 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Imitation in one's own presence: No specific effect of self-focus on imitation
Khemka, D., Ahmadilari, N., Bird, G., & Catmur, C. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103194 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPictures of you: Dot stimuli cause motor contagion in presence of a still human form
Sparks, S., Sidari, M. J., Lyons, M., & Kritikos, A. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dissociable effects of averted “gaze” on the priming of bodily representations and motor actions
Carr, E. W., Bird, G., Catmur, C., & Winkielman, P. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103225 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationCzekóová, K., Shaw, D. J., Lamoš, M., Špiláková, B., Salazar, M., & Brázdil, M. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00860-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The inhibition of automatic imitation: a meta-analysis and synthesis of fMRI studies
Darda, K. M., & Ramsey, R. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/334938
“Further, atypical self-other control has been linked to disorders characterised by social dysfunction including autism and schizophrenia (Cook and Bird, 2012; Ferri et al., 2012).”
Mechanisms of Altered Imitation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
McWeeny, S., Kolday, A., Wodka, E. L., Mostofsky, S. H., Caffo, B. S., & Ewen, J. B. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Control of Shared Representations and Social Cognition
Bardi, L., & Braß, M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107279353.009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Observational learning of atypical biological kinematics in autism
Foster, N. C., Bennett, S. J., Pullar, K. F., Causer, J., Becchio, C., Clowes, D. P., & Hayes, S. J. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Automatic Imitation of Hand Movements in Clinical and Neurodiverse Populations
Poliakoff, E., & Gowen, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62634-0_12 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Imitasi Dalam Komunikasi Matematis Siswa Untuk Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika
Lestari, A. S. B., Nusantara, T., Susiswo, S., & Chandra, T. D. (2019) · IndoMath Indonesia Mathematics Education · doi:10.30738/indomath.v2i2.4681 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Related Disorders (Intellectual, Attention, and Language Disorders) and ASD
Dieckhaus, M. F. S., Thomas, R. P., Frisch, M., Moreno, M. P., Suh, J., & FEIN, D. A. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64499-3_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Higgins, J. P., Kaczmarek, L. A., & King, S. A. (2024) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214241292030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Okamoto, Y., & Kosaka, H. (2018) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78926-2_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Disordered Social Cognition: Alexithymia and Interoception
Brewer, R., & Bird, G. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior · doi:10.1017/9781108131797.036 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThompson, N. M., Luft, C. D. B., & Banissy, M. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800935-2.00015-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Son, J.-W., & Ghim, H.-R. (2013) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.2013.24.3.109 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Karşılıklı Taklit Eğitimi
Töret, G., & Özmen, R. G. (2016) · Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.268560 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prospective Social Entrainment: Imitation Interventions in Children With Autism
Doepke, K. J., Mulderink, T. D., D’Santiago, V., & Karlen, C. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology · doi:10.1891/1945-8959.13.2.176 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Syntactic priming and alignment in children with autism spectrum disorder
Hopkins, Z. (2022) · Trends in language acquisition research · doi:10.1075/tilar.31.08hop · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Interplay Between Mimicry and Social Context in Facial Expression Perception
Orlowska, A., Rychlowska, M., & Krumhuber, E. G. (2020) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
(2017) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822372189-001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cook, J. L. (2012) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Self-citationDisorders of Shared Representations
Cook, J. L. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107279353.024
Self-citationImitation of atypical biological motion in autism spectrum disorders
Andrew, M. (2016) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00005086
Takeuchi, T., Ikudome, S., Mori, S., Ishikura, T., & Nakamoto, H. (2019) · Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.4146/jjspopsy.2018-1809
Experience Dependent Sensorimotor Functioning in Adults with Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder
Oulton, J. (2019) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00011673
(2017) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822372189-003
(2017) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822372189-008
(2017) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822372189-004
(2017) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822372189-006
- Authors
- Cook, J. L., & Bird, G.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bird, Geoffrey
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2011-08-11
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1045-1051
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC3360861
- OpenAlex
- W2130002698
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, imitation, subliminal priming, prosocial attitudes, automatic imitation, high-functioning adults, social interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Social Behavior, Mirror Neurons
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