Controlling automatic imitative tendencies: interactions between mirror neuron and cognitive control systems
Open accessAbstract
Humans have an automatic tendency to imitate others. Although several regions commonly observed in social tasks have been shown to be involved in imitation control, there is little work exploring how these regions interact with one another. We used fMRI and dynamic causal modeling to identify imitation-specific control mechanisms and examine functional interactions between regions. Participants performed a pre-specified action (lifting their index or middle finger) in response to videos depicting the same two actions (biological cues) or dots moving with similar trajectories (non-biological cues). On congruent trials, the stimulus and response were similar (e.g. index finger response to index finger or left side dot stimulus), while on incongruent trials the stimulus and response were dissimilar (e.g. index finger response to middle finger or right side dot stimulus). Reaction times were slower on incongruent compared to congruent trials for both biological and non-biological stimuli, replicating previous findings that suggest the automatic imitative or spatially compatible (congruent) response must be controlled on incongruent trials. Neural correlates of the congruency effects were different depending on the cue type. The medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis (IFGpo) and the left anterior insula were involved specifically in controlling imitation. In addition, the IFGpo was also more active for biological compared to non-biological stimuli, suggesting that the region represents the frontal node of the human mirror neuron system (MNS). Effective connectivity analysis exploring the interactions between these regions, suggests a role for the mPFC and ACC in imitative conflict detection and the anterior insula in conflict resolution processes, which may occur through interactions with the frontal node of the MNS. We suggest an extension of the previous models of imitation control involving interactions between imitation-specific and general cognitive control mechanisms.
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A number of studies showed engagement of regions associated with the MD network, including dorsal frontoparietal cortex, supplementary motor area, and anterior insula, during imitation control.
“In addition, a number of studies showed engagement of regions associated with the MD network, including dorsal frontoparietal cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA) and anterior insula (Marsh, Bird, & Catmur, 2016;Cross & Iacoboni, 2013;Mengotti, Corradi-Dell'Acqua, & Rumiati, 2012;Crescentini, Mengotti, Grecucci, & Rumiati, 2011;Bien, Roebroeck, Goebel, & Sack, 2009).”
From Functional Specificity and Sex Differences in the Neural Circuits Supporting the Inhibition of Automatic Imitation (2018) · cites this paper as Cross & Iacoboni, 2013
The Discussion reports anterior insula/frontal operculum involvement in imitation control, consistent with several previous studies. The paper does not identify that activity as part of an MD network or report supplementary motor area engagement in imitation control; it describes a frontoparietal network in the Results in relation to action observation and imitation cues, not as the claimed dorsal frontoparietal imitation-control network. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious fMRI studies on control of imitative tendencies have proposed mechanisms involving modulation of the mirror neuron system.
“This is in line with previous fMRI studies examining control of imitative tendencies, which have proposed mechanisms involving MNS modulation (Spengler et al., 2009; Cross et al., 2013).”
From To imitate or not: Avoiding imitation involves preparatory inhibition of motor resonance (2014) · cites this paper as Cross et al., 2013
Interference control during automatic imitation may involve an interaction between self-other distinction and general cognitive control mechanisms.
“Recent research suggests that both self-other distinction and cognitive control processes may be involved in interference control during automatic imitation.”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Cross, Torrisi, Losin, & Iacoboni, 2013
In many circumstances, imitation is maladaptive and requires inhibition.
“For example, in many circumstances, imitation is maladaptive and requires inhibition (Cross & Iacoboni, 2014;Cross, Torrisi, Losin, & Iacoboni, 2013;van Schie, van Waterschoot, & Bekkering, 2008;Newman-Norlund, van Schie, van Zuijlen, & Bekkering, 2007).”
From Functional Specificity and Sex Differences in the Neural Circuits Supporting the Inhibition of Automatic Imitation (2018) · cites this paper as Cross, Torrisi, Losin, & Iacoboni, 2013
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Spengler, S., Braß, M., Kühn, S., & Schütz‐Bosbach, S. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.12.014 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Resonating with Others: The Effects of Self-Construal Type on Motor Cortical Output
Obhi, S. S., Hogeveen, J., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3186-11.2011 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Stimulus and response conflict processing during perceptual decision making
Wendelken, C., Ditterich, J., Bunge, S. A., & Carter, C. S. (2009) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.4.434 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Methodological problems undermine tests of the ideo-motor conjecture
Jansson, E., Wilson, A. D., Williams, J. H. G., & Mon-Williams, M. A. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1013-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Methodological issues in measures of imitative reaction times
Aicken, M. D., Wilson, A. D., Williams, J. H. G., & Mon-Williams, M. A. (2006) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.09.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Automatic imitation and spatial compatibility in a key-pressing task
Jiménez, L., Recio, S. A., Méndez, A., Lorda, M. J., Permuy, B., & Paz, C. M. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.07.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The effect of observed biological and non biological movements on action imitation: An fMRI study
Crescentini, C., Mengotti, P., Grecucci, A., & Rumiati, R. I. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.077 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cross, K. A., & Iacoboni, M. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21428 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Bertenthal BI Longo MR Kosobud A 2006b Imitative response tendencies following observation of intransitive actions J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 32 210 225 16634666
- Bien N Roebroeck A Goebel R Sack AT 2009b The brain’s intention to imitate: The neurobiology of intentional versus automatic imitation Cereb Cortex 19 2338 2351 19153108
- Brass M Ruby P Spengler S 2009b Inhibition of imitative behaviour and social cognition Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364 2359 2367 19620107 PMC2865080
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Binney, R. J., & Ramsey, R. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.030 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Rauchbauer, B., Majdandžić, J., Hummer, A., Windischberger, C., & Lamm, C. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.007 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
To imitate or not: Avoiding imitation involves preparatory inhibition of motor resonance
Cross, K. A., & Iacoboni, M. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.027 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“This is in line with previous fMRI studies examining control of imitative tendencies, which have proposed mechanisms involving MNS modulation (Cross et al., 2013; Spengler et al., 2009).”
Self-citationThe Modulation of Mimicry by Ethnic Group-Membership and Emotional Expressions
Rauchbauer, B., Majdandžić, J., Stieger, S., & Lamm, C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161064 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Darda, K. M., Butler, E. E., & Ramsey, R. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01261 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“In contrast, other studies found engagement of mPFC only (Cross et al., 2013; Brass et al., 2001) or of domain-general regions rather than mPFC and rTPJ (Marsh et al., 2016; Cross & Iacoboni, 2013; Crescentini et al., 2011; Bien et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultRauchbauer, B., Lorenz, C., Lamm, C., & Pfabigan, D. M. (2021) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00878-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The inhibition of automatic imitation: a meta-analysis and synthesis of fMRI studies
Darda, K. M., & Ramsey, R. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/334938
- Authors
- Cross, K. A., Torrisi, S., Reynolds Losin, E. A., & Iacoboni, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cross, Katy A.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 83
- Pages
- 493-504
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4004608
- OpenAlex
- W2170388758
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 20.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Brain Mapping Medical Research Organization, Brain Mapping Support Foundation
- Pierson-Lovelace Foundation
- The Ahmanson Foundation
- William M. and Linda R. Dietel Philanthropic Fund at the Northern Piedmont Community Foundation
- Tamkin Foundation
- Jennifer Jones-Simon Foundation
- Capital Group Companies Charitable Foundation
- Robson Family and Northstar Fund
- National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) (RR12169, RR13642, RR00865)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) (1F30MH091808-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- mirror neuron system, cognitive control, spatial compatibility, response inhibition, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, effective connectivity, conflict detection, conflict resolution, dynamic causal modeling
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Male, Nerve Net, Reflex, Feedback, Physiological, Young Adult, Mirror Neurons
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