Compatibility between observed and executed finger movements: comparing symbolic, spatial, and imitative cues
Abstract
Intuitively, one can assume that imitating a movement is an easier task than responding to a symbolic stimulus like a verbal instruction. Support for this suggestion can be found in neuropsychological research as well as in research on stimulus-response compatibility. However controlled experimental evidence for this assumption is still lacking. We used a stimulus-response compatibility paradigm to test the assumption. In a series of experiments, it was tested whether observed finger movements have a stronger influence on finger movement execution than a symbolic or spatial cue. In the first experiment, we compared symbolic cues with observed finger movements using an interference paradigm. Observing finger movements strongly influenced movement execution, irrespective of whether the finger movement was the relevant or the irrelevant stimulus dimension. In the second experiment, effects of observed finger movements and spatial finger cues were compared. The observed finger movement dominated the spatial finger cue. A reduction in the similarity of observed and executed action in the third experiment led to a decrease of the influence of observed finger movement, which demonstrates the crucial role of the imitative relation of observed and executed action for the described effects. The results are discussed in relation to recent models of stimulus-response compatibility. Neurocognitive support for the strong relationship between movement observation and movement execution is reported.
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Reaction times are faster for imitative responses than for non-imitative responses.
“As would be expected from the SRC literature using symbolic stimuli, reaction times are faster for imitative responses (which by definition share many properties with the action stimulus) than for non-imitative responses (Brass et al., 2000; Stürmer et al., 2000).”
From To imitate or not: Avoiding imitation involves preparatory inhibition of motor resonance (2014) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
Automatic imitation comprises both a facilitation effect and an interference effect.
“Indeed, it is well-established in the literature that automatic imitation comprises both a facilitation and an interference effect (Brass et al., 2000;Cracco et al., 2015;Genschow et al., 2017).”
From Automatic imitation of multiple agents: A computational model (2019) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
Imitation is a form of stimulus-response compatibility involving human actions, with responses that are stimulus-compatible in spatial and kinetic features.
“Imitation—the copying of others actions—is a form of SRC involving human actions, where responses are stimulus-compatible with respect to spatial and kinetic features (Brass et al., 2000; Stürmer et al., 2000).”
From To imitate or not: Avoiding imitation involves preparatory inhibition of motor resonance (2014) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
Automatic imitation of observed actions has been shown in lab and naturalistic settings.
“An automatic (unintended or unconscious) tendency to imitate observed actions has been demonstrated in both laboratory and naturalistic settings (Chartrand and Bargh, 1999; Brass et al., 2000)”
From To imitate or not: Avoiding imitation involves preparatory inhibition of motor resonance (2014) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
Observing a congruent action speeds up an unrelated task response, whereas observing an incongruent action slows it down.
“In cognitive psychology, it is studied by means of automatic imitation -the finding that observing congruent actions facilitates, whereas observing incongruent actions impedes, unrelated task responses (Brass et al., 2000;Cracco, Bardi, et al., 2018;Heyes, 2011;Sturmer, Aschersleben, & Prinz, 2000).”
From Automatic imitation of multiple agents: A computational model (2019) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
The model is robust under realistic circumstances.
“Thus, in line with Simulation 2, these findings suggests that the model is robust under realistic circumstances (Brass et al., 2000;Cracco et al., 2015;Genschow et al., 2017).”
From Automatic imitation of multiple agents: A computational model (2019) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
Because balance between facilitation and interference is well-grounded in the literature, the model is robust under realistic circumstances.
“Given that such a balance is well-grounded in the literature (Brass et al., 2000;Cracco et al., 2015;Genschow et al., 2017), this indicates that the model is robust under realistic circumstances.”
From Automatic imitation of multiple agents: A computational model (2019) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
An action-perception mismatch constitutes incongruent trials, which result in slower reaction times due to a required inhibition of the automatic action-perception link.
“An action-perception mismatch (between presented and target movement) constitutes incongruent trials, which result in slower reaction times for movement execution.This is due to a required inhibition of the automatic actionperception link for the sake of correct response execution (Brass et al., 2000).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
The simultaneous perception of a task-irrelevant action leads to interference with a target movement.
“The simultaneous perception of a task-irrelevant action leads to interference (e.g., facilitation or inhibition) with a target movement (Brass et al., 2000).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
Matching motor perception and target action constitutes congruent trials, which facilitate action execution and speed up response times.
“Matching motor perception and target action (e.g.presented and target movement are the same) constitutes congruent trials, which facilitate action execution and speed up response times.”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Brass et al., 2000
The RT measure of imitation involves making finger movements while simultaneously watching compatible or incompatible finger movements.
“The RT measure of imitation involves making finger movements while simultaneously watching compatible or incompatible finger movements (Brass, Bekkering, Wohlschlager, & Prinz, 2000;Stürmer et al., 2000).”
From Functional Specificity and Sex Differences in the Neural Circuits Supporting the Inhibition of Automatic Imitation (2018) · cites this paper as Brass, Bekkering, Wohlschlager, & Prinz, 2000
Automatic imitation has been shown to be modulated by social context cues.
“Automatic imitation has been shown to be modulated by social context cues (see e.g.3–11)”
From Event-related potentials of automatic imitation are modulated by ethnicity during stimulus processing, but not during motor execution (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
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Control of shared representations relies on key processes involved in mental state attribution
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From visuo-motor interactions to imitation learning: Behavioural and brain imaging studies
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Time course analyses confirm independence of imitative and spatial compatibility.
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What is matched in direct matching? Intention attribution modulates motor priming
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Imitation in Infancy: Rational or Motor Resonance?
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The Role of the Temporoparietal Junction in Self-Other Distinction
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Top-Down Modulation of Motor Priming by Belief About Animacy
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Self–other control processes in social cognition: from imitation to empathy
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Does the Human Motor System Simulate Pinocchio's Actions?
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Is human imitation based on a mirror-neurone system? Some behavioural evidence
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Self-citationThe affordance-matching hypothesis: how objects guide action understanding and prediction
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The Brain's Intention to Imitate: The Neurobiology of Intentional versus Automatic Imitation
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Mimicry and automatic imitation are not correlated
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Social cognitive neuroscience and humanoid robotics
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Imitation Improves Language Comprehension
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Human-humanoid interaction: is a humanoid robot perceived as a human?
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- Authors
- Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Wohlschläger, A., & Prinz, W.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (DE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- Brain and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 124-143
- ISSN
- 0278-2626 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071684277
- Cited by
- 791
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 10.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- stimulus-response compatibility, imitation, symbolic cues, spatial cues, interference paradigm, action observation, action similarity, motor control
- MeSH terms
- Cues, Feedback, Fingers, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Movement, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Spatial Behavior, Symbolism
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