Parent-child Communication, Social Norms, and the Development of Cyber Aggression in Early Adolescence
Open accessAbstract
To understand the development of cyber aggression during adolescence, it is important to consider the temporal variability of its potential predictors. This study uses a four-wave survey to investigate how changes in peer norms, parental norms, and parental communication are associated with two-year trajectories of online peer aggression. The sample includes 1521 Swiss middle school students (M age T1 = 11.54, SD = 0.40; 48% female). The results showed that over time a better parental communication quality and anti-aggression norms predicted lower rates and slower development of cyber aggression. Moreover, parental variables emerged as a quite stable deterrent of aggressive conduct. Although entrance into adolescence is characterized by the rise of peer influence, results from this study suggest that parents maintain an important protective role.
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Parental monitoring and control strategies with clear boundaries and open communication are more effective, while excessive monitoring without open communication can weaken the parent-child relationship and reduce children's willingness to disclose online concerns.
“Research highlights that setting clear boundaries and maintaining open communication increases the effectiveness of these measures. Parents can implement strategies such as restricting access to certain websites, monitoring online activity, and setting time limits for device usage. However, building trust through honest discussions about online safety is critical. Excessive monitoring without open”
From The Impact of Social Media & Technology on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as [110]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOpen and supportive communication between parents and children is critical in reducing cyberbullying and online aggression.
“Open and supportive communication between parents and children is critical in reducing cyberbullying and online aggression.”
From The Impact of Social Media & Technology on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as [110]
The Discussion and Conclusion report that better parent-child communication was associated with less frequent cyber aggression and a less steep increase during early adolescence. They describe communication as a preventive factor, but the study does not establish that improving communication causes a reduction in aggression; the claim’s unqualified wording is stronger than the evidence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Bullo, A., & Schulz, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Università della Svizzera italiana (CH)
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Schulz, Peter J.
- Venue
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence
- Published
- 2022-05-20
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1774-1786
- ISSN
- 0047-2891 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6601
- PMC
- PMC9279223
- OpenAlex
- W4280493915
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- online aggression, parent-child communication, social norms, parental norms, early adolescence, peer influence, developmental trajectories, junior high school students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aggression, Communication, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Peer Group, Social Norms
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