A meta‐analysis of sex differences in cyber‐bullying behavior: The moderating role of age
Abstract
The current research used meta‐analysis to determine whether (a) sex differences emerged in cyber‐bullying frequency, (b) if age moderated any sex effect, and (c) if any additional moderators (e.g., publication year and status, country and continent of data collection) influenced the sex effect. Theoretically, if cyber‐bullying is considered a form of traditional bullying and aggression, males are likely to cyber‐bully more than females. Conversely, if cyber‐bullying is considered relational/indirect aggression, females will be slightly more likely to cyber‐bully than males. Results from 122 effect size estimates showed that males were slightly more likely to cyber‐bully than females; however, age moderated the overall effect. Specifically, females were more likely to report cyber‐bullying during early to mid‐adolescence than males, while males showed higher levels of cyber‐bullying during later adolescence than females. Publication status and year and continent and country of data collection also moderated the overall effect. Aggr. Behav. 40:474–488, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Although due to the myth girls were expected to harass more in cyberspace, most studies have contradicted this hypothesis.
“although due to this myth girls were expected to harass more in cyberspace, most studies have contradicted this hypothesis.”
From “It’s just a joke”: gender, sexuality and trivialisation in adolescent online violence such as cyberhate, cyberbullying, and online grooming (2025) · cites this paper as Barlett and Coyne (2015)
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“According to authors such as Barlett and Coyne (2015), although due to this myth girls were expected to harass more in cyberspace, most studies have contradicted this hypothesis.”
- Authors
- Barlett, C., & Coyne, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Gettysburg College (US)
- Brigham Young University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barlett, Christopher
- Venue
- Aggressive Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-08-06
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 474-488
- ISSN
- 0096-140X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2337
- OpenAlex
- W1814926073
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Aggressive Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, sex differences, age as moderator, adolescence, indirect aggression, relational aggression, traditional bullying, aggression, publication status
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Aggression, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Internet, Bullying
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