The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How Ideology Fuels Affective Polarization
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“it may boost accountability and decrease corruption but can also contribute to the aforementioned harmful forms of polarization”
From Political polarization and corruption: A theoretical and empirical review (2024) · cites this paper as Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016
In the citing paper
“This hypothesis combines findings indicating that more ideological distance from a candidate or party increases affective polarization (Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016;Harteveld, 2021;Ryan, 2023) with research on partisan bias since the ideological distance is perceived and not actual in this case.”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016
In the citing paper
“In addition, the more intense the sense of ideological divergence, the greater the antipathy toward the outgroups (Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016).”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016
In the citing paper
“Recent work indicates that while ideological polarization, sorting, and affective polarization are correlated (Rogowski & Sutherland 2016, Bougher 2017, Webster & Abramowitz 2017), the relationship is weak, with sorting accounting for only about 5% of the variance in affective polarization (Lelkes 2018, Mason 2018a).”
From The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States (2019) · cites this paper as Rogowski & Sutherland 2016
In the citing paper
“Likewise, ideological polarization in general — not just on specific issues or values — can drive affective polarization.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“In feeling thermometer ratings, participants were more affectively polarized in the divergent condition, expressing more warmth towards the more extreme candidate whose ideology they shared and less warmth towards the more extreme candidate whose ideology they did not share. This effect was stronger for participants who were more interested in politics and more ideologically extreme themselves83.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“several experiments have demonstrated that representing political elites as highly polarized (either in terms of ideological abstractions or specific issue positions) leads participants to express higher levels of issue-based and affective polarization39,83.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
Citations
Cites
An Economic Theory of Democracy.
Banfield, E. C., & Downs, A. J. (1958) · Midwest Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2109186 · Cited by 18,558
An Economic Theory of Democracy
Marvick, D., & Downs, A. J. (1960) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.2307/444355 · Cited by 4,290
(1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,109
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038 · Cited by 2,996
Fear and loathing across party lines: New evidence on group polarization
Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12152 · Cited by 2,452
Spatial Models of Party Competition
Stokes, D. (1963) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952828 · Cited by 1,970
Polarized America: the dance of ideology and unequal riches
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-3551 · Cited by 1,793
The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
Levendusky, M. (2009) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226473673.001.0001 · Cited by 1,698
Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000) · Cited by 1,686
(2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,673
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 504
Authoritarianism, Affective Polarization, and Economic Ideology
Johnston, C. D. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12483 · Cited by 30
Tsatsanis, E., Teperoglou, E., & Seriatos, A. (2020) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2020.1855798 · Cited by 32
Value extremity contributes to affective polarization in the US
Enders, A. M., & Lupton, R. N. (2021) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2020.27 · Cited by 48
Self-reported political ideology
Yeung, E. S. F., & Quek, K. (2024) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2024.2 · Cited by 31
Affective Polarization and Support for the U.S. Supreme Court
Armaly, M., & Enders, A. M. (2021) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129211006196 · Cited by 27
The Downsian roots of affective polarization
Algara, C., & Zur, R. (2023) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102581 · Cited by 33
Affective Polarization Did Not Increase During the Coronavirus Pandemic
Boxell, L., Conway, J., Druckman, J. N., & Gentzkow, M. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3785328 · Cited by 35
Protecting the Ingroup? Authoritarianism, Immigration Attitudes, and Affective Polarization
Renström, E. A., Bäck, H., & Carroll, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.919236 · Cited by 38
Testing theories of political persuasion using AI
Argyle, L. P., Busby, E. C., Gubler, J. R., Lyman, A., Olcott, J., Pond, J., & Wingate, D. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2412815122 · Cited by 53
Polarization of Indonesian Society during 2014-2020: Causes and Its Impacts toward Democracy
Jati, W. R. (2022) · Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik · doi:10.22146/jsp.66057 · Cited by 40
The roots of polarization in the individual reward system
Lefebvre, G., Deroy, O. D., & Bahrami, B. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2011 · Cited by 26
Issue salience and affective polarization
Han, K. J. (2023) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2023.2277429 · Cited by 25
Christenson, D. P., & Weisberg, H. F. (2019) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2019.03.008 · Cited by 29
Do Justices Defend the Speech They Hate?
Epstein, L., Parker, C. M., & Segal, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Law and Courts · doi:10.1086/697118 · Cited by 28
Miller, S. M., Song, M., & Keiser, L. R. (2022) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12879 · Cited by 25
Turner-Zwinkels, F. M., van Noord, J., Kesberg, R., García‐Sánchez, E., Brandt, M. J., Kuppens, T., Easterbrook, M. J., Smets, L., Gorska, P., Marchlewska, M., et al. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231183935 · Cited by 30
Welker, K. M., Duong, M., Rakhshani, A. C., Dieffenbach, M. C., Coleman, P. T., & Haidt, J. (2023) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.10651 · Cited by 24
Voter Decision-Making with Polarized Choices
Rogowski, J. C. (2016) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123415000630 · Cited by 26
Self-citationPolarization, candidate positioning, and political participation in the U.S.
Simas, E. N., & Ozer, A. L. (2021) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102370 · Cited by 25
Extreme party animals: Effects of political identification and ideological extremity
Brown, J. K., & Hohman, Z. P. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12863 · Cited by 23
Amitai, Y. (2023) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140231169030 · Cited by 25
Narcissism and Affective Polarization
Tilley, J. R., & HOBOLT, S. B. (2024) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-024-09963-5 · Cited by 25
What’s in a Font?: Ideological Perceptions of Typography
Haenschen, K., & Tamul, D. J. (2019) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2019.1692884 · Cited by 28
Kim, B., Broussard, R., & Barnidge, M. (2020) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1750845 · Cited by 25
Bolsen, T., & Thornton, J. R. (2021) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102293 · Cited by 24
Political Choice in a Polarized America
Zingher, J. N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197630693.001.0001 · Cited by 20
Strategy News Is Good News: How Journalistic Coverage of Politics Reduces Affective Polarization
Zoizner, A., Shenhav, S. R., Fogel-Dror, Y., & Sheafer, T. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1829762 · Cited by 22
Affective polarization in low-partisanship societies. The case of Chile 1990–2021
Segovia, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.928586 · Cited by 25
Partisan schadenfreude and candidate cruelty
Webster, S. W., Glynn, A., & Motta, M. (2023) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12922 · Cited by 20
Cole, J. C., Flores, A., Jiga‐Boy, G. M., Klein, O., Sherman, D. K., & Leaf Van Boven, A. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221118534 · Cited by 19
Political Self-Confidence and Affective Polarization
Stapleton, C. E., & Wolak, J. (2024) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfad064 · Cited by 21
America after Trump: from “clean” to “dirty” democracy?
Foa, R., & Mounk, Y. (2021) · Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/01442872.2021.1957459 · Cited by 19
The Ethnic Origins of Affective Polarization: Statistical Evidence From Cross-National Data
Bradley, M., & Chauchard, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.920615 · Cited by 23
Scherman, A., Etchegaray, N., Browne, M., Mazorra, D., & Rojas, H. (2022) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v10i4.5817 · Cited by 20
On the antipodes of love and hate: The conception and measurement of brand polarization
Ramírez, S. A. O., Veloutsou, C. A., & Morgan‐Thomas, A. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114687 · Cited by 27
Unraveling polarization: Insights into individual and collective dynamics
Bar-On, K. K., Dimant, E., Yphtach Lelkes, B., & Rand, D. G. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae426 · Cited by 24
Finding the water’s edge: when negative partisanship influences foreign policy attitudes
Maxey, S. (2021) · International Politics · doi:10.1057/s41311-021-00354-9 · Cited by 20
Voter Preferences Reflect a Competition Between Policy and Identity
Jenke, L., & Huettel, S. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566020 · Cited by 19
Yu, X., Wojcieszak, M., Lee, S., Casas, A., Azrout, R., & Gackowski, T. (2021) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09701-1 · Cited by 17
The Effects of Political Attitudes on Affective Polarization: Survey Evidence from 165 Elections
Guedes-Neto, J. V. (2022) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/14789299211067376 · Cited by 18
Does Populism Fuel Affective Polarization? An Individual-Level Panel Data Analysis
Pérez-Rajó, J. (2024) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217231224579 · Cited by 22
de Zúñiga, H. G., Marcos-Marné, H., & Carty, E. (2022) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2022.2139310 · Cited by 23
Exploring differences in affective polarization between the Nordic countries
Ryan, A. (2023) · Scandinavian Political Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-9477.12244 · Cited by 32
Ideological and partisan biases in ratings of candidate quality in U.S. House elections
Martin, D. J. (2022) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13159 · Cited by 16
«LO POLÍTICO COMO ALGO PERSONAL»: UNA REVISIÓN TEÓRICA SOBRE LA POLARIZACIÓN AFECTIVA
Martínez, J. M. R., & CRESPO-MARTÍNEZ, I. (2023) · Revista de ciencia política · doi:10.4067/s0718-090x2023005000102 · Cited by 31
Bully Pulpit? Twitter Users’ Engagement With President Trump’s Tweets
Lazarus, J., & Thornton, J. R. (2020) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439320946578 · Cited by 17
Twitter and Affective Polarisation: Following Political Leaders in Spain
Rodríguez, J. L., & Torcal, M. (2022) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2022.2047554 · Cited by 23
Through the ideology of the beholder: how ideology shapes perceptions of partisan groups
Homola, J., Rogowski, J. C., Sinclair, B., Torres, M., Tucker, P., & Webster, S. W. (2022) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2022.4 · Cited by 15
Self-citationWhat do voters do when they prefer a leader from another party?
Daoust, J., Blais, A., & Péloquin-Skulski, G. (2019) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068819845100 · Cited by 17
Borrelli, D., Iandoli, L., Ramírez-Márquez, J. E., & Lipizzi, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2021.3094775 · Cited by 20
Political coherence and certainty as drivers of interpersonal liking over and above similarity
Zimmerman, F., Garbulsky, G., Dan Ariely, C., Sigman, M., & Navajas, J. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abk1909 · Cited by 14
Tella, R. D., Gálvez, R. H., & Schargrodsky, E. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29458 · Cited by 17
Polarization in Black and White
Enders, A. M., & Thornton, J. R. (2022) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfac010 · Cited by 15
Friend or foe? When political elites evaluate foreign leaders
Otero, J. M. R., & Bohigues, A. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais · doi:10.1590/3710904/2022 · Cited by 14
Moving toward the Median: Compulsory Voting and Political Polarization
Oprea, A., Martin, L. E. S., & Brennan, G. (2024) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423001399 · Cited by 18
Learning from Shared News: When Abundant Information Leads to Belief Polarization
Bowen, R., Dmitriev, D., & Galperti, S. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28465 · Cited by 15
Heinzelmann, N. C., & Tran, V. (2022) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-022-00616-9 · Cited by 13
Ideological bias in constitutional judgments: Experimental analysis and potential solutions
Kantorowicz‐Reznichenko, E., Kantorowicz, J., & Weinshall, K. (2022) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/jels.12323 · Cited by 14
van Eck, C. W. (2024) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.906 · Cited by 13
Local Newspaper Decline and Political Polarization – Evidence from a Multi-Party Setting
Ellger, F., Hilbig, H., Riaz, S., & Tillmann, P. (2024) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123424000243 · Cited by 19
The paradox of poor representation: How voter–party incongruence curbs affective polarisation
Marchal, N., & Watson, D. (2021) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1177/13691481211048502 · Cited by 12
The contextual role of privacy concerns in online political participation
Hoffmann, C. P., & Lutz, C. (2022) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/02673231221139040 · Cited by 17
Helgason, B. A., & Effron, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104308 · Cited by 12
Does Talking to the Other Side Reduce Inter-Party Hostility? Evidence From Three StudiesPreprint
Amsalem, E., Merkley, E. D., & Loewen, P. J. (2021) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4zver · Cited by 12
Han, K. J. (2022) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13228 · Cited by 13
How Do Politicians Bargain? Evidence from Ultimatum Games with Legislators in Five Countries
Sheffer, L., Loewen, P. J., Walgrave, S., Bailer, S., Breunig, C., Helfer, L., Pilet, J., Varone, F., & Vliegenthart, R. (2023) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055422001459 · Cited by 12
The Making of Radical‐Right Voters: Persuasion and Contrast Effects in a Dynamic Political Context
Chan, K. M. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12801 · Cited by 11
“Unmotivated bias” and partisan hostility: Empirical evidence
Stone, D. F. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2018.12.009 · Cited by 11
The origins and effect of negative partisanship
Bankert, A. (2020) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781788111997.00012 · Cited by 13
Lyu, Z. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231180654 · Cited by 9
Affective polarization is uniformly distributed across American States
Holliday, D. E., Yphtach Lelkes, B., & Westwood, S. J. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae310 · Cited by 10
Why can't we be friends? Untangling conjoined polarization in America
Norman, J. M., & Green, B. (2025) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.13084 · Cited by 10
Mass Polarization across Time and Space
Mehlhaff, I. D. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009350662 · Cited by 9
The Political Dynamics of Partisan Polarization
Schmidt, E. R., Carmines, E. G., & Sniderman, P. M. (2025) · doi:10.1017/9781009472760 · Cited by 10
Voters Use Campaign Finance Transparency and Compliance Information
Wood, A. K. (2022) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09776-4 · Cited by 10
Simas, E. N. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009228169 · Cited by 9
Titelman, N., & Sajuria, J. (2023) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688231196423 · Cited by 13
Jost, J. T., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., & Kay, A. C. (2023) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162241227778 · Cited by 11
Interventions to Reduce Partisan AnimosityPreprint
Hartman, R., Blakey, W., Womick, J., Bail, C. A., Finkel, E. J., Han, H. C., Sarrouf, J., Schroeder, J., Sheeran, P., Bavel, J. J. V., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ha2tf · Cited by 10
Ideological and affective polarization in multiparty systemsPreprint
Leininger, A., Grünewald, F., & Buntfuß, N. (2023) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/mz6rs · Cited by 12
Terrorism, Perpetrators, and Polarization: Evidence from Natural Experiments
Bove, V., Leo, R. D., Efthyvoulou, G., & Pickard, H. (2024) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/732969 · Cited by 10
Mind the Gap! On the Discursive Construction of Collective Political Identities
Barreneche, S. M. (2021) · Punctum International Journal of Semiotics · doi:10.18680/hss.2020.0019 · Cited by 9
Priming Norms to Combat Affective Polarization
Mullinix, K. J., & Lythgoe, T. J. (2022) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129211073319 · Cited by 9
Política, uso de medios y polarización afectiva en España
Crespo-Martínez, I., Melero-López, I., Mora-Rodríguez, A., & Rojo-Martínez, J.-M. (2024) · Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación · doi:10.14198/medcom.26681 · Cited by 8
Filsinger, M., & Freitag, M. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-04016-y · Cited by 8
Hajnal, Á. (2025) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217251324306 · Cited by 13
The Most Important Election of Our Lifetime: Focalism and Political Participation
Bram, C. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12868 · Cited by 9
Does Social Media Use Promote Political Mass Polarization?
Ludwig, K., & Müller, P. (2022) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748928232-118 · Cited by 10
A tale of two crises: affective polarization in Greece
Nezi, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2024.1256199 · Cited by 9
Mainstream partisans’ affective response to (non) cooperation with populist radical right parties
Russo, L., & Brock, P. S. (2024) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2024.2336436 · Cited by 8
Partisan Affective Polarization
Ársælsson, K. M. (2020) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfaa060 · Cited by 12
Fujiwara, T., & Liu, T. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287180 · Cited by 9
Dynamics of Polarization: Affective Partisanship and Policy Divergence
Diermeier, D. A., & Li, C. (2022) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123422000540 · Cited by 12
Hrbková, L., Voda, P., & Havlík, V. (2023) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688231156409 · Cited by 8
Examining the Relationship Between Civic Education and Partisan Alignment in Young Voters
Clark, C. H. (2016) · Theory & Research in Social Education · doi:10.1080/00933104.2016.1250690 · Cited by 12
Gender and affective polarization
Han, K. J. (2025) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.70023 · Cited by 7
Aytaç, S. E., Irmak, S., & Söylemez-Karakoç, B. (2025) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2025.2597287 · Cited by 9
White Media Attitudes in the Trump Era
Thompson, J. (2020) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x20943566 · Cited by 8
Show Me the Money: 'Dark Money' and the Informational Benefit of Campaign Finance DisclosurePreprint
Wood, A. K. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3029095 · Cited by 7
Polarization in the Contemporary Political and Media LandscapePreprint
Wilson, A. E., Parker, V., & Feinberg, M. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yqvzc · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Rogowski, J. C., & Sutherland, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogowski, Jon C.
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2015-10-28
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 485-508
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W1858975100
- Cited by
- 503
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 75.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- affective polarization, political polarization, ideological divergence, ideological commitment, political interest, United States senators, biographical information, public opinion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review