The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How Ideology Fuels Affective Polarization
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“it may boost accountability and decrease corruption but can also contribute to the aforementioned harmful forms of polarization”
From Political polarization and corruption: A theoretical and empirical review (2024) · cites this paper as Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016
In the citing paper
“This hypothesis combines findings indicating that more ideological distance from a candidate or party increases affective polarization (Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016;Harteveld, 2021;Ryan, 2023) with research on partisan bias since the ideological distance is perceived and not actual in this case.”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016
In the citing paper
“In addition, the more intense the sense of ideological divergence, the greater the antipathy toward the outgroups (Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016).”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Rogowski & Sutherland, 2016
In the citing paper
“Recent work indicates that while ideological polarization, sorting, and affective polarization are correlated (Rogowski & Sutherland 2016, Bougher 2017, Webster & Abramowitz 2017), the relationship is weak, with sorting accounting for only about 5% of the variance in affective polarization (Lelkes 2018, Mason 2018a).”
From The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States (2019) · cites this paper as Rogowski & Sutherland 2016
In the citing paper
“Likewise, ideological polarization in general — not just on specific issues or values — can drive affective polarization.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“In feeling thermometer ratings, participants were more affectively polarized in the divergent condition, expressing more warmth towards the more extreme candidate whose ideology they shared and less warmth towards the more extreme candidate whose ideology they did not share. This effect was stronger for participants who were more interested in politics and more ideologically extreme themselves83.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“several experiments have demonstrated that representing political elites as highly polarized (either in terms of ideological abstractions or specific issue positions) leads participants to express higher levels of issue-based and affective polarization39,83.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
Citations
Cites
An Economic Theory of Democracy.
Banfield, E. C., & Downs, A. J. (1958) · Midwest Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2109186 · Cited by 18,558
An Economic Theory of Democracy
Marvick, D., & Downs, A. J. (1960) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.2307/444355 · Cited by 4,290
(1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,109
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038 · Cited by 2,996
Fear and loathing across party lines: New evidence on group polarization
Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12152 · Cited by 2,452
Spatial Models of Party Competition
Stokes, D. (1963) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952828 · Cited by 1,970
Polarized America: the dance of ideology and unequal riches
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-3551 · Cited by 1,793
The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
Levendusky, M. (2009) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226473673.001.0001 · Cited by 1,698
Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000) · Cited by 1,686
(2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,673
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034 · Cited by 3,603
Tucker, J. A., Guess, A., Barbera, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3144139 · Cited by 1,222
Social Media, News Consumption, and Polarization: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Levy, R. (2021) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20191777 · Cited by 624
Affective Polarization in Multiparty Systems
Wagner, M. (2021) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102199 · Cited by 593
Reiljan, A. (2020) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12351 · Cited by 592
American Affective Polarization in Comparative Perspective
Gidron, N., Adams, J., & Horne, W. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781108914123 · Cited by 481
Affective polarization, local contexts and public opinion in America
Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M., & Ryan, J. B. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-01012-5 · Cited by 463
How social learning amplifies moral outrage expression in online social networks
Brady, W. J., McLoughlin, K., Doan, T. N., & Crockett, M. J. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe5641 · Cited by 375
The Ideological Foundations of Affective Polarization in the U.S. Electorate
Webster, S. W., & Abramowitz, A. I. (2017) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x17703132 · Cited by 557
The Limits of Partisan Prejudice
Lelkes, Y., & Westwood, S. J. (2017) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/688223 · Cited by 311
Frenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America
Settle, J. E. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108560573 · Cited by 377
Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts
Jost, J. T., Baldassarri, D. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 · Cited by 276
Partisanship as a Social Identity: Implications for Polarization
West, E. A., & Iyengar, S. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09637-y · Cited by 303
Polarization: What Everyone Needs to Know®
McCarty, N. (2019) · doi:10.1093/wentk/9780190867782.001.0001 · Cited by 280
The Moral Roots of Partisan Division: How Moral Conviction Heightens Affective Polarization
Garrett, K. N., & Bankert, A. (2018) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s000712341700059x · Cited by 245
Polarization in the contemporary political and media landscape
Wilson, A. E., Parker, V. A., & Feinberg, M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.005 · Cited by 220
The Nature of Affective Polarization: Disentangling Policy Disagreement from Partisan Identity
Dias, N., & Lelkes, Y. (2022) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12628 · Cited by 338
Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M. S., & Ryan, J. B. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2020.28 · Cited by 195
Elite polarization, party extremity, and affective polarization
Banda, K. K., & Cluverius, J. (2018) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.09.009 · Cited by 200
The Correlates of Discord: Identity, Issue Alignment, and Political Hostility in Polarized America
Bougher, L. D. (2017) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-016-9377-1 · Cited by 179
Affective polarization and the salience of elections
Hernández, E., Anduiza, E., & Rico, G. (2020) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102203 · Cited by 209
Who Dislikes Whom? Affective Polarization between Pairs of Parties in Western Democracies
Gidron, N., Adams, J., & Horne, W. (2022) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123422000394 · Cited by 170
The Differential Effects of Actual and Perceived Polarization
Enders, A. M., & Armaly, M. T. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9476-2 · Cited by 161
(Mis)estimating Affective Polarization
Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M., & Ryan, J. B. (2022) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/715603 · Cited by 243
Negative and Positive Partisanship in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Elections
Bankert, A. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09599-1 · Cited by 176
Interventions to reduce partisan animosity
Hartman, R., Blakey, W., Womick, J., Bail, C., Finkel, E. J., Han, H., Sarrouf, J., Schroeder, J., Sheeran, P., Van Bavel, J. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01442-3 · Cited by 171
Krupnikov, Y., & Ryan, J. B. (2022) · doi:10.1017/9781108923323 · Cited by 175
Social divides in the age of globalization
Helbling, M., & Jungkunz, S. (2019) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1674578 · Cited by 148
How partisan affect shapes citizens' perception of the political world
Ward, D. G., & Tavits, M. (2019) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2019.04.009 · Cited by 148
Affective Polarization and Ideological Sorting: A Reciprocal, Albeit Weak, Relationship
Lelkes, Y. (2018) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2018-0005 · Cited by 132
Webster, S. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108868303 · Cited by 131
Motivated Reasoning, Public Opinion, and Presidential Approval
Donovan, K. M., Kellstedt, P. M., Key, E. M., & Lebo, M. J. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09539-8 · Cited by 134
Reducing affective polarization: Warm group relations or policy compromise?
Huddy, L., & Yair, O. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12699 · Cited by 124
The partisan nature of support for democratic backsliding: A comparative perspective
Gidengil, E., Stolle, D., & Bergeron‐Boutin, O. (2022) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12502 · Cited by 162
Ticking all the boxes? A comparative study of social sorting and affective polarization
Harteveld, E. (2021) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102337 · Cited by 120
Policy over party: comparing the effects of candidate ideology and party on affective polarization
Yphtach Lelkes, B. (2019) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2019.18 · Cited by 118
Ramírez, S. A. O., Veloutsou, C. A., & Morgan‐Thomas, A. (2019) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-03-2018-1811 · Cited by 125
Worldview conflict and prejudice
Brandt, M. J., & Crawford, J. T. (2019) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.09.002 · Cited by 125
Weber, T. J., Hydock, C., Ding, W., Gardner, M., Jacob, P., Mandel, N., Sprott, D. E., & Steenburg, E. V. (2021) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/0743915621991103 · Cited by 124
Skytte, R. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123419000760 · Cited by 116
Torcal, M., & Comellas, J. M. (2022) · South European Society and Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2022.2044236 · Cited by 101
Bassan‐Nygate, L., & WEISS, C. M. (2021) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140211024283 · Cited by 106
The Polarizing Effect of Partisan Echo Chambers
HOBOLT, S. B., Lawall, K., & Tilley, J. R. (2023) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423001211 · Cited by 119
Patterns of affective polarization toward parties and leaders across the democratic world
REILJAN, A., GARZIA, D., FERREIRA DA SILVA, F., & TRECHSEL, A. H. (2024) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423000485 · Cited by 98
Is Affective Polarization Driven by Identity, Loyalty, or Substance?
Orr, L., Fowler, A., & Huber, G. A. (2023) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12796 · Cited by 92
The prime psychological suspects of toxic political polarization
Moore-Berg, S. L., Hameiri, B., & Bruneau, E. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.05.001 · Cited by 83
Practical Ideology in Militant Organizations
Parkinson, S. (2020) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887120000180 · Cited by 80
Dynamics of Polarizing Rhetoric in Congressional Tweets
Ballard, A. M. O., DeTamble, R., Dorsey, S., Heseltine, M., & Johnson, M. (2022) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/lsq.12374 · Cited by 95
Does affective polarisation increase turnout? Evidence from Germany, The Netherlands and Spain
Harteveld, E., & Wagner, M. (2022) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2022.2087395 · Cited by 99
The Psychology of Repression and Polarization
Nugent, E. R. (2017) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887120000015 · Cited by 85
Does Talking to the Other Side Reduce Inter-party Hostility? Evidence from Three Studies
Amsalem, E., Merkley, E., & Loewen, P. J. (2021) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2021.1955056 · Cited by 80
Intergroup threat and affective polarization in a multi-party system
Renström, E. A., Bäck, H., & Carroll, R. (2021) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.7539 · Cited by 89
Orian Harel, T., Maoz, I., & Halperin, E. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.013 · Cited by 71
The way we were: How histories of co‐governance alleviate partisan hostility
Horne, W., Adams, J., & Gidron, N. (2023) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140221100197 · Cited by 67
von Sikorski, C., Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12638 · Cited by 66
Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States
Gibson, J. L., & Sutherland, J. (2020) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.1093/psquar/qqad037 · Cited by 66
Self-citationRogowski, J. C., & Stone, A. R. (2019) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123419000383 · Cited by 64
Self-citationCole, J. C., Gillis, A. J., van der Linden, S., Cohen, M. A., & Vandenbergh, M. P. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231186409 · Cited by 61
Looking for Affective Polarisation in Spain: PSOE and Podemos from Conflict to Coalition
Orriols, L., & Léon, S. (2020) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2021.1911440 · Cited by 67
Frenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America
Settle, J. E. (2018) · Cited by 56
Political Polarization in Online News Consumption
Garimella, K., Smith, T., Weiss, R., & West, R. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18049 · Cited by 56
Online Intergroup Polarization Across Political Fault Lines: An Integrative Review
Bliuc, A., Bouguettaya, A., & Felise, K. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641215 · Cited by 70
Intraparty Polarization in American Politics
Groenendyk, E. W., Sances, M., & Zhirkov, K. (2020) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/708780 · Cited by 54
The AMLO Voter: Affective Polarization and the Rise of the Left in Mexico
Cornejo, R. C. (2022) · Journal of Politics in Latin America · doi:10.1177/1866802x221147067 · Cited by 62
Bernaerts, K., Blanckaert, B., & Caluwaerts, D. (2022) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2022.2117300 · Cited by 62
Learning from Shared News: When Abundant Information Leads to Belief Polarization
Bowen, T. R., Dmitriev, D., & Galperti, S. (2023) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjac045 · Cited by 50
Riera, P., & Madariaga, A. G. (2023) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102628 · Cited by 63
Trust in science increases conservative support for social distancing
Koetke, J., Schumann, K., & Porter, T. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220985918 · Cited by 52
(2017) · doi:10.1017/s0007123417000370 · Cited by 83
Polarization and correct voting in U.S. presidential elections
Pierce, D. R., & Lau, R. R. (2019) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102048 · Cited by 52
Identity, ideology, and personality: Examining moderators of affective polarization in New Zealand
Satherley, N., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2020) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103961 · Cited by 51
Levendusky, M. S., & Stecula, D. A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009042192 · Cited by 56
Busby, E. C., Howat, A. J., Rothschild, J. E., & Shafranek, R. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009086462 · Cited by 48
Partisan Affect and Elite Polarization
Diermeier, D. A., & Li, C. (2018) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055418000655 · Cited by 48
Luttig, M. D. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12484 · Cited by 53
The safest time to fly: pandemic response in the era of Fox News
Ananyev, M., Poyker, M., & Tian, Y. (2021) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-021-00847-0 · Cited by 43
Issues versus Affect: How Do Elite and Mass Polarization Compare?
Enders, A. M. (2021) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/715059 · Cited by 53
Denial and distrust: explaining the partisan climate gap
Bugden, D. (2022) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03321-2 · Cited by 46
Myrick, R. (2022) · International Politics · doi:10.1057/s41311-022-00382-z · Cited by 43
Affective polarization and coalition signals
Wagner, M., & Praprotnik, K. (2024) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2023.33 · Cited by 41
Affective Polarization in the Canadian Party System, 1988–2021
Johnston, R. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423923000112 · Cited by 47
van Erkel, P. F. A., & Turkenburg, E. (2022) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773922000121 · Cited by 46
Online Incivility in the 2020 Congressional Elections
Heseltine, M., & Dorsey, S. (2022) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129221078863 · Cited by 41
Twitter made me do it! Twitter's tonal platform incentive and its effect on online campaigning
Mueller, S. D., & Sältzer, M. (2020) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2020.1850841 · Cited by 35
Dark triad, partisanship and violent intentions in the United States
Gøtzsche‐Astrup, O. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110633 · Cited by 39
Constrained Citizens? Ideological Structure and Conflict Extension in the US Electorate, 1980–2016
Hare, C. (2021) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s000712342100051x · Cited by 32
Polarisation in Southern Europe: Elites, Party Conflicts and Negative Partisanship
Bosco, A., & Verney, S. (2020) · South European Society and Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2020.1971444 · Cited by 34
Does affective polarization contribute to democratic backsliding in America?
Druckman, J. N., Green, D. P., & Iyengar, S. (2023) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162241228952 · Cited by 33
Emotional foundations of the public climate change divide
Hahnel, U. J. J., Mumenthaler, C., & Brosch, T. (2019) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02552-0 · Cited by 33
Affective and Territorial Polarisation: The Impact on Vote Choice in Spain
Rodón, T. (2022) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2022.2044235 · Cited by 35
End of consensus? Ideology, partisan identity, and affective polarization in Finland 2003–2019
Kawecki, D. (2022) · Scandinavian Political Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-9477.12238 · Cited by 55
Depolarization of echo chambers by random dynamical nudge
Currin, C. B., Vera, S. V., & Khaledi‐Nasab, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12494-w · Cited by 36
Divided by Europe: affective polarisation in the context of European elections
Hahm, H., Hilpert, D., & König, T. (2022) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2022.2133277 · Cited by 34
The Mobilizing Effect of Party System Polarization. Evidence From Europe
Ellger, F. (2023) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140231194059 · Cited by 40
The social media discourse of engaged partisans is toxic even when politics are irrelevant
Mamakos, M., & Finkel, E. J. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad325 · Cited by 34
Limited Spin: When the Public Punishes Leaders Who Lie about Military Action
Maxey, S. (2020) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002720961517 · Cited by 30
Onuch, O., Mateo, E., & Waller, J. G. (2021) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305121999656 · Cited by 34
Divided We Unite: The Nature of Partyism and the Role of Coalition Partnership in Europe
Hahm, H., Hilpert, D., & König, T. (2023) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423000266 · Cited by 35
The role of affective orientations in promoting perceived polarization
Armaly, M., & Enders, A. M. (2020) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2020.24 · Cited by 32
Cuartas, Y. N. V., Machado, D. B., & Gómez, J. D. V. (2020) · Revista de Paz y Conflictos · doi:10.30827/revpaz.v13i1.9529 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Rogowski, J. C., & Sutherland, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogowski, Jon C.
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2015-10-28
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 485-508
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W1858975100
- Cited by
- 503
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 75.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- affective polarization, political polarization, ideological divergence, ideological commitment, political interest, United States senators, biographical information, public opinion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review