Comparative Neuroregenerative Effects of C-Phycocyanin and IFN-Beta in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) therapies approved so far are unable to effectively reverse the chronic phase of the disease or improve the remyelination process. Here our aim is to evaluate the effects of C-Phycocyanin (C-Pc), a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties, in a chronic model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. C-Pc (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg i.p.) or IFN-beta (2000 IU, s.c.) was administered daily once a day or every other day, respectively, starting at disease onset, which differ among EAE mice between 11 and 15 days postinduction. Histological and immunohistochemistry (anti-Mac-3, anti-CD3 and anti-APP) assessments were performed in spinal cord in the postinduction time. Global gene expression in the brain was analyzed with the Illumina Mouse WG-6_V2 BeadChip microarray and the expression of particular genes, assessed by qPCR using the Fast SYBR Green RT-PCR Master Mix. Oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde, peroxidation potential, CAT/SOD ratio and GSH) were determined spectrophoto-metrically. Results showed that C-Pc ameliorates the clinical deterioration of animals, an effect that expresses the reduction of the inflammatory infiltrates invading the spinal cord tissue, the axonal preservation and the down-regulation of IL-17 expression in brain tissue and serum. C-Pc and IFN-beta improved the redox status in mice subjected to EAE, while microarray analysis showed that both treatments shared a common subset of differentially expressed genes, although they also differentially modulated another subset of genes. Specifically, C-Pc mainly modulated the expression of genes related to remyelination, gliogenesis and axon-glia processes. Taken together, our results indicate that C-Pc has significant therapeutic effects against EAE, mediated by the dynamic regulation of multiple biological processes.
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C-PC up-regulated expression of genes related to remyelination, gliogenesis and axon-glia processes, and significantly reduced expression of genes involved in demyelination, including CD44 and PPAR.
“Moreover, C-PC up-regulated the expression of a set of genes (Mal, Mog and Mobp, Nkx6-2, Nkx2-2, Bmpa and the transcription factor, Olig1) related to remyelination, gliogenesis and axon-glia processes, and significantly reduced the expression of genes involved in the process of demyelination, including CD44 and PPAR.”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [158]
C-PC reduced both the levels of MDA and PP and the CAT/SOD ratio.
“C-PC was also able to reduce both the levels of MDA and PP and the CAT/SOD ratio [158].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [158]
In EAE mice, C-PC ameliorated clinical deterioration due to a significant decrease in inflammatory infiltrates in spinal cord tissue, with reduction in Mac-3 positive activated macrophages/microglia and CD3-positive T cells in the lesions.
“In EAE mice, C-PC was able to ameliorate the clinical deterioration of animals due to the significant decrease in inflammatory infiltrates in spinal cord tissue, with a reduction in Mac-3 positive activated macrophages/microglia and CD3-positive T cells in the lesions.”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [158]
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Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health
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- Authors
- Pentón-Rol, G., Lagumersindez-Denis, N., Muzio, L., Bergami, A., Furlan, R., Fernández-Massó, J. R., Nazabal-Galvez, M., Llópiz-Arzuaga, A., Herrera-Rolo, T., Veliz-Rodriguez, T., Polentarutti, N., Marín-Prida, J., Raíces-Cruz, I., Valenzuela-Silva, C., Teixeira, M. M., & Pentón-Arias, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Havana (CU)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
- Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CU)
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (IT)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
- Published
- 2015-11-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-167
- ISSN
- 1557-1890 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1904
- OpenAlex
- W2287747421
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Mesenchymal stem cell research
- Keywords
- C-phycocyanin, interferon-beta, multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, remyelination, nerve regeneration, oxidative stress, IL-17, gliogenesis, axon-glia interaction, differentially expressed genes, anti-inflammatory therapy, Spirulina platensis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Brain, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Female, Immunohistochemistry, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nerve Regeneration, Phycocyanin, Spinal Cord, Gene Expression, Interferon-beta, Oxidative Stress, Neuroprotective Agents, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Mice, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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