The Gut Microbiome, Energy Homeostasis, and Implications for Hypertension
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Purpose of review The influence of gut bacteria upon host physiology is increasingly recognized, but mechanistic links are lacking. Diseases of energetic imbalance such as obesity and diabetes represent major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. Thus, here, we review current mechanistic contributions of the gut microbiota to host energetics.Recent findings Gut bacteria generate a multitude of small molecules which can signal to host tissues within and beyond the gastrointestinal tract to influence host physiology, and gut bacteria can also influence host digestive efficiency by altering the bioavailability of polysaccharides, yet the quantitative energetic effects of these processes remain unclear. Recently, our team has demonstrated that gut bacteria constitute a major anaerobic thermogenic biomass, which can quantitatively account for obesity. Quantitative understanding of the mechanisms by which gut bacteria influence energy homeostasis may ultimately inform the relationship between gut bacteria and cardiovascular dysfunction.
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For an average 90 kg male, the biomass of bacteria in the gut could be expected to contribute anywhere from 7 to 22% of daily adult human caloric turnover based on 2000 kcal per day.
“Riedl et al. [148] estimated that for an average 90 kg male, the biomass of bacteria in the gut could be expected to contribute anywhere from 7 to 22% of daily adult human caloric turnover (based on 2000 kcal [kcal] per day).”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [148]
Short-chain fatty acids are thought to affect the function of the immune system, epithelial cells, blood vessels, and nervous system and may underlie the reductions in hypertension risk associated with fibre-rich diets.
“These SCFAs are thought to affect the function of the immune system, epithelial cells, blood vessels and nervous system and may underlie the reductions in hypertension risk that are associated with fibre-rich diets103,106.”
From Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links (2019) · cites this paper as [106]
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- Authors
- Riedl, R. A., Atkinson, S. N., Burnett, C. M. L., Grobe, J. L., & Kirby, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grobe, Justin L.
- Kirby, John R.
- Venue
- Current Hypertension Reports
- Published
- 2017-03-18
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 27-27
- ISSN
- 1522-6417 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-3111
- PMC
- PMC5773096
- OpenAlex
- W2596322156
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 0.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Hypertension Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
- University of Iowa Graduate College
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences (JP) (HL084207, HL098276, HL134850)
- NIH (AI108255)
- American Heart Association (15SFRN23730000)
- American Diabetes Association (1-14-BS-079)
- University of Iowa Center for Hypertension Research
- University of Iowa/Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center
- University of Iowa Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, energy homeostasis, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, microbial metabolites, host-microbe signaling, microbial biomass
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Homeostasis, Humans, Hypertension, Obesity, Gastrointestinal Tract
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