Causality of small and large intestinal microbiota in weight regulation and insulin resistance
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The twin pandemics of obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) are a global challenge for health care systems. Changes in the environment, behavior, diet, and lifestyle during the last decades are considered the major causes. A Western diet, which is rich in saturated fat and simple sugars, may lead to changes in gut microbial composition and physiology, which have recently been linked to the development of metabolic diseases. METHODS: We will discuss evidence that demonstrates the influence of the small and large intestinal microbiota on weight regulation and the development of insulin resistance, based on literature search. RESULTS: Altered large intestinal microbial composition may promote obesity by increasing energy harvest through specialized gut microbes. In both large and small intestine, microbial alterations may increase gut permeability that facilitates the translocation of whole bacteria or endotoxic bacterial components into metabolic active tissues. Moreover, changed microbial communities may affect the production of satiety-inducing signals. Finally, bacterial metabolic products, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and their relative ratios, may be causal in disturbed immune and metabolic signaling, notably in the small intestine where the surface is large. The function of these organs (adipose tissue, brain, liver, muscle, pancreas) may be disturbed by the induction of low-grade inflammation, contributing to insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions aimed to restoring gut microbial homeostasis, such as ingestion of specific fibers or therapeutic microbes, are promising strategies to reduce insulin resistance and the related metabolic abnormalities in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. This article is part of a special issue on microbiota.
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The gut microbiota contributes to host digestive efficiency and thus plays a role in energy balance.
“Strong evidence exists to support the role for the gut microbiota in energy balance by contributing to host digestive efficiency [151].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [151]
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Di Marzo, V., Goparaju, S. K., Wang, L., Liu, J., Bátkai, S., Járai, Z., Fezza, F., Miura, G. I., Palmiter, R. D., Sugiura, T., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35071088 · Cited by 1,559 · cited 1× · see citing works
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“Interestingly, the most commonly used orally administrated antidiabetic drug metformin changed the microbial composition [75,76].”
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“Both effects were mediated via Gpr43 and Gpr41.”
BackgroundMetformin—mode of action and clinical implications for diabetes and cancer
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The AMP‐Activated Protein Kinase: Fuel Gauge of the Mammalian Cell?
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Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation
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“Interestingly, recently it has been found that at least 50e60% of the bacterial genera from the intestinal microbiota produce resilient spores, which makes them more stable in an oxygen rich atmosphere and more likely to be passed from individual to individual [27].”
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“TLRs are specialized pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which recognize pathogen associated microbial products (PAMPs) such as LPS, thereby inducing an innate immune response to eradicate invading microbes [128].”
BackgroundGut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia in Young Obese Mexican Subjects
Radilla-Vázquez, R. B., Parra‐Rojas, I., Martínez-Hernández, N. E., Márquez‐Sandoval, F., Illades‐Aguiar, B., & Castro-Alarcón, N. (2016) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000442479 · Cited by 1,200 · see citing works
The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota
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“The stomach and small intestine are enriched in Firmicutes (Lactobacillaceae) and Proteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae), whereas the large intestine shows a higher portion of Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Rikenellaceae) and Firmicutes (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae), while the sole representative of…”
BackgroundDifferential Adaptation of Human Gut Microbiota to Bariatric Surgery–Induced Weight Loss
Furet, J.-P., Kong, L.-C., Tap, J., Poitou, C., Basdevant, A., Bouillot, J.-L., Mariat, D., Corthier, G., Doré, J., Henegar, C., et al. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0253 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
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“Obese subjects show high eCB levels [118], which correlate with higher food intake.”
BackgroundGlobal status report on noncommunicable diseases
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The influence of diet on the gut microbiota
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“Diet is a major factor driving the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota [64,65].”
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“Thereby, they induce a protective secretory IgA (sIgA) response, which coats bacteria in the intestinal lumen for immune exclusion (excretion) or controlled uptake to further train the immune system.”
BackgroundPartial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer
Dominguez-Bello, M. G., De Jesus-Laboy, K. M., Shen, N., Cox, L. M., Amir, A., Gonzalez, A., Bokulich, N. A., Song, S. J., Hoashi, M., Rivera-Vinas, J. I., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4039 · Cited by 1,014 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It can be colonized by either skin microbiota (upon caesarian section) or vaginal microbiota (upon vaginal deliveries) [71].”
BackgroundConserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity
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“An increase of Proteobacteria may include a potential risk for bowel inflammation due to its pathogen traits [158].”
BackgroundThe role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease
Cani, P., & Delzenne, N. (2009) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161209788168164 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
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FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy
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“Interestingly, DIO mice lacking FXR show a reduction in the beneficial effects of the surgery, highlighting the importance of this receptor in bariatric effects [154].”
BackgroundInduction of intestinal epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2.
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“After phagocytosis, the DCs disseminated into mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) inducing an inflammatory response similar to LPS [132].”
BackgroundXenobiotics shape the physiology and gene expression of the active human gut microbiome
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“Antibiotics have a major influence not only on their targets (bacteria) [42,65] but also on the host [42].”
BackgroundThe host shapes the gut microbiota via fecal microRNA
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“Similarly, gut epithelial cells release microRNAs (miRNA), which can regulates bacterial gene expression and growth [51].”
BackgroundLactobacillus acidophilus modulates intestinal pain and induces opioid and cannabinoid receptors
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“First evidence for the link between specific bacteria and the endocannabinoid system came from a study in which administration of Lactobacillus acidpophilus modulated the expression of cannabinoid receptors in intestinal cells in rats [121].”
BackgroundThe role of pH in determining the species composition of the human colonic microbiota
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“com growth via bacteriocins and SCFAs [58,59], 2) suppression of virulent factors [60], 3) facilitation of host barrier function through upregulation of the mucus layer and induction of antimicrobial molecules and (fecal) IgA [61], as well as 4) priming of intestinal immune cells [62,63].”
BackgroundUnderstanding the effects of diet on bacterial metabolism in the large intestine
Louis, P., Scott, K. P., Duncan, S. H., & Flint, H. J. (2007) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03322.x · Cited by 775 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, gut microbiota produces the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, as well the gases carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane [35,36].”
BackgroundCani, P. D., Lecourt, E., Dewulf, E. M., Sohet, F. M., Pachikian, B. D., Naslain, D., Backer, F. D., Neyrinck, A. M., & Delzenne, N. M. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28095 · Cited by 763 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ingestion of prebiotics increased the synthesis of GLP-1 and PYY in plasma of rodents and humans and was accompanied by reduced hunger rates [104].”
BackgroundDysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease
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Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
le Roux, C. W., Welbourn, R., Werling, M., Osborne, A., Kokkinos, A., Laurenius, A., Lönroth, H., Fändriks, L., Ghatei, M. A., Bloom, S. R., et al. (2007) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3180caa3e3 · Cited by 741 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundZoetendal, E. G., Raes, J., van den Bogert, B., Arumugam, M., Booijink, C. C. G. M., Troost, F. J., Bork, P., Wels, M., de Vos, W. M., & Kleerebezem, M. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.212 · Cited by 722 · cited 1× · see citing works
“More work is needed to elucidate the composition and function of small intestinal microbiota, for which only one comprehensive metagenomic study has been reported [34].”
BackgroundThe microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism
Spanogiannopoulos, P., Bess, E. N., Carmody, R. N., & Turnbaugh, P. J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17 · Cited by 717 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Conflicting results have been reported regarding the role of this molecule as a crucial link in development of atherosclerosis [43], which is most likely driven by differences in diet (meat) consumption in these different cohorts [44].”
BackgroundMicrobes inside—from diversity to function: the case of Akkermansia
Belzer, C., & de Vos, W. M. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.6 · Cited by 715 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The stomach and small intestine are enriched in Firmicutes (Lactobacillaceae) and Proteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae), whereas the large intestine shows a higher portion of Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Rikenellaceae) and Firmicutes (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae), while the sole representative of…”
BackgroundAn opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of an obese human causes obesity in germfree mice
Fei, N., & Zhao, L.-P. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.153 · Cited by 713 · cited 1× · see citing works
“cloacae was not detectable anymore [135].”
Intestinal microbiome is related to lifetime antibiotic use in Finnish pre-school children
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“For example, antibiotic use at a young age is associated with higher weight gain [69].”
BackgroundBile acid receptors as targets for drug development
Schaap, F. G., Trauner, M., & Jansen, P. L. M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.151 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis
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“Obese subjects show higher eCB levels, which can be increased via HFD and reduced by prebiotic treatment as well as antibiotic treatment [122].”
BackgroundProbiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients
Ejtahed, H. S., Mohtadi-Nia, J., Homayouni-Rad, A., Niafar, M., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., & Mofid, V. (2012) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.013 · Cited by 683 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, it improved antioxidant status [139,140] and lowered TNF-a levels [141].”
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“Treatment with another strain (Lactobacillus plantarum) enhanced the intestinal barrier by increasing the expression of ZO-1 and occludin in tight-junction structures [143].”
BackgroundRegulation of metabolism by the innate immune system
Lackey, D. E., & Olefsky, J. M. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.189 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics
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den Abbeele, P. V., Belzer, C., Goossens, M., Kleerebezem, M., de Vos, W. M., Thas, O., Weirdt, R. D., Kerckhof, F., & de Wiele, T. V. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.158 · Cited by 639 · cited 1× · see citing works
“After treatment, patients showed increased fecal bacterial diversity and increased levels of Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, which are associated with the mucosa health via the production of the SCFA butyrate [144].”
BackgroundPutative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled
Keith, S. W., Redden, D. T., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Boggiano, M. M., Hanlon, E. C., Benca, R. M., Ruden, D. M., Pietrobelli, A., Barger, J. L., Fontaine, K. R., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803326 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Adiposity, gut microbiota and faecal short chain fatty acids are linked in adult humans
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Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation
Batterham, R. L., Heffron, H., Kapoor, S., Chivers, J. E., Chandarana, K., Herzog, H., le Roux, C. W., Thomas, E. L., Bell, J. D., & Withers, D. J. (2006) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.001 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
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“For example, a HFD in mice led to translocation of viable intestinal bacteria to adipose tissue where they induce inflammation.”
BackgroundInfluentialRabot, S., Membrez, M., Bruneau, A., Gérard, P., Harach, T., Moser, M., Raymond, F., Mansourian, R., & Chou, C. J. (2010) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.10.164921 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Lam, Y. Y., Ha, C. W. Y., Campbell, C. R., Mitchell, A. J., Dinudom, A., Oscarsson, J., Cook, D. I., Hunt, N. H., Caterson, I. D., Holmes, A. J., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034233 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
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“For example, the exopolysaccharides of adherent Bifidobacterium brevis reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines and thus dampen B cell response [52,53]; the polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis [54] and SCFAs produced by many Clostridium spp.”
BackgroundNormalization of host intestinal mucus layers requires long-term microbial colonization
Johansson, M. E. V., Jakobsson, H. E., Holmén-Larsson, J., Schütte, A., Ermund, A., Rodríguez-Piñeiro, A. M., Arike, L., Wising, C., Svensson, F., Bäckhed, F., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.10.007 · Cited by 549 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As such, germ-free (GF) mice exhibit an impaired intestinal immune system that takes a long time to recover upon colonization [49,50].”
BackgroundBile Acid-Activated Receptors, Intestinal Microbiota, and the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders
Fiorucci, S., & Distrutti, E. (2015) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2015.09.001 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
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“For example, butyrate is mainly used as an energy source for colonic epithelial cells and, at low doses, improves the intestinal barrier function [37] but has also been implicated in regulation of (murine) insulin sensitivity [38].”
BackgroundResultRole of the gut microbiota in human nutrition and metabolism
Ramakrishna, B. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12294 · Cited by 505 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, acetate can be used in lipogenesis and propionate in hepatic as well as intestinal gluconeogenesis [10,39,40].”
BackgroundMolecular Ecological Analysis of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota: A Review
Zoetendal, E. G., Collier, C. T., Koike, S., Mackie, R. I., & Gaskins, H. R. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.2.465 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Molecular Characterisation of the Faecal Microbiota in Patients with Type II Diabetes
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“Obese [95] and diabetic subjects [136] had lower levels of Bifidobacterium, which was associated with higher inflammatory markers as well as disturbed glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism.”
BackgroundBacterial Community Mapping of the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract
Gu, S., Chen, D., Zhang, J., Lv, X., Wang, K., Duan, L.-P., Nie, Y., & Wu, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074957 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Absence of intestinal microbiota does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity
Fleissner, C. K., Huebel, N., Abd El-Bary, M. M., Loh, G., Klaus, S., & Blaut, M. (2010) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510001303 · Cited by 436 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, another study could not reproduce these findings, which is most likely explained by differences in gut microbiota composition between commercially available mouse strains (genotype) as well as differences in bacterial contamination in the different vivaria [80].”
ResultEnterocyte TLR4 Mediates Phagocytosis and Translocation of Bacteria Across the Intestinal Barrier
Neal, M. D., Leaphart, C. L., Levy, R. M., Prince, J. M., Billiar, T. R., Watkins, S. C., Li, J., Çetin, S., Ford, H. R., Schreiber, A. D., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.3070 · Cited by 434 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Interestingly, the bacteria remain viable in the phagosome [134].”
BackgroundGraessler, J., Qin, Y., Zhong, H., Zhang, J., Licinio, J., Wong, M.-L., Xu, A., Chavakis, T., Bornstein, A. B., Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., et al. (2013) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2012.43 · Cited by 428 · cited 11× · see citing works
“Importantly, Proteobacteria represent mostly facultative anaerobes, compared to obligate anaerobic dominating Firmicutes.”
BackgroundInfluentialRedefining Type 2 diabetes: ‘Diabesity’ or ‘Obesity Dependent Diabetes Mellitus’?
Astrup, A. V., & Finer, N. (2000) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2000.00013.x · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Metformin Activates a Duodenal Ampk-Dependent Pathway to Lower Hepatic Glucose Production in Rats
Duca, F. A., Côté, C. D., Rasmussen, B. A., Zadeh-Tahmasebi, M., Rutter, G. A., Filippi, B. M., & Lam, T. K. T. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3787 · Cited by 402 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Metformin activates a duodenal AMPK dependent pathway to lower hepatic glucose production [78].”
BackgroundJourdan, T., Godlewski, G., Cinar, R., Bertola, A., Szanda, G., Liu, J., Tam, J., Han, T., Mukhopadhyay, B., Skarulis, M. C., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3265 · Cited by 388 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, eCB have been shown to promote macrophage activation, contribute to insulin resistance through activation of peripheral CB1 receptors (CB1R), and promote beta cell failure [120].”
BackgroundButyrate Specifically Down-Regulates Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Gene Expression
Gantois, I., Ducatelle, R., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouck, F., Hautefort, I., Thompson, A., Hinton, J. C. D., & Immerseel, F. V. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.72.1.946-949.2006 · Cited by 378 · cited 1× · see citing works
“com growth via bacteriocins and SCFAs [58,59], 2) suppression of virulent factors [60], 3) facilitation of host barrier function through upregulation of the mucus layer and induction of antimicrobial molecules and (fecal) IgA [61], as well as 4) priming of intestinal immune cells [62,63].”
BackgroundEndocannabinoids–at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism
Cani, P. D., Plovier, H., Van Hul, M., Geurts, L., Delzenne, N. M., Druart, C., & Everard, A. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.211 · Cited by 367 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Chronic CD receptor stimulation induced glucose intolerance, stimulated metabolic inflammation, and altered lipid storage in skeletal muscle [116,123].”
BackgroundAndreasen, A. S., Larsen, N., Pedersen-Skovsgaard, T., Berg, R. M. G., Møller, K., Svendsen, K. D., Jakobsen, M., & Pedersen, B. K. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510002874 · Cited by 348 · cited 1× · see citing works
“acidophilus for 4 weeks led to improved insulin sensitivity, but did not alter inflammatory parameters [142].”
BackgroundProbiotic Bifidobacterium breve Induces IL-10-Producing Tr1 Cells in the Colon
Jeon, S. G., Kayama, H., Ueda, Y., Takahashi, T., Asahara, T., Tsuji, H., Tsuji, N. M., Kiyono, H., Ma, J. S., Kusu, T., et al. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002714 · Cited by 343 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, the exopolysaccharides of adherent Bifidobacterium brevis reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines and thus dampen B cell response [52,53]; the polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis [54] and SCFAs produced by many Clostridium spp.”
BackgroundHuman gut microbiome adopts an alternative state following small bowel transplantation
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“In contrast, acetate can be used in lipogenesis and propionate in hepatic as well as intestinal gluconeogenesis [10,39,40].”
BackgroundCarbohydrates and the human gut microbiota
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“Interestingly, improvement in glucose metabolism is independent of weight loss, suggesting other mechanisms may be involved [147,148].”
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“Similarly, binding to the intercellular farnesoid X receptor (FXR) increased beta-oxidation and decreased lipogenesis [153].”
BackgroundHypothalamic Angptl4/Fiaf Is a Novel Regulator of Food Intake and Body Weight
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“To resolve the lack of energy, AMPK induces energy producing processes (fatty acid oxidation) and food intake via the hypothalamus [88].”
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“Another prebiotic treatment with inulin pasta improved the intestinal permeability, measured as zonulin expression, and GLP-2 levels in healthy young subjects [114].”
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“However, recent cohort studies were not able to reproduce these data [70].”
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“Further, it improved antioxidant status [139,140] and lowered TNF-a levels [141].”
BackgroundTrends in diabetes: sounding the alarm
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Evidence for metabolic endotoxemia in obese and diabetic Gambian women
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“Increased LPS levels in plasma are associated with a low-grade inflammation [127].”
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“Therefore, Angptl4 is able not only to inhibit systemic LPL activity (lipid storage), but also to inhibit luminal LPL (lipid digestion and uptake) [84,86].”
BackgroundAUF1 is involved in splenic follicular B cell maintenance
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Self-citationBifidobacterium animalis AHC7 protects against pathogen-induced NF-κB activation in vivo
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“prausnitzii, which are Gram-positive bacteria that are associated with anti-inflammatory properties [137,138].”
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BackgroundAmerican Diabetes Association and JDRF Research Symposium: Diabetes and the Microbiome
Semenkovich, C. F., Danska, J. S., Darsow, T., Dunne, J. L., Huttenhower, C., Insel, R. A., McElvaine, A. T., Ratner, R. E., Shuldiner, A. R., & Blaser, M. J. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-0597 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Association of insulin resistance and GLP-2 secretion in obesity: a pilot study
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“Similar findings were also made in humans, in which the GLP-2 concentration of diabetic subjects inversely correlated with insulin resistance [113].”
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The Role of Inflammation in Diabetes: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives
Tsalamandris, S., Antonopoulos, A. S., Oikonomou, E., Papamikroulis, G.-A., Vogiatzi, G., Papaioannou, S., Deftereos, S., & Tousoulis, D. (2019) · European Cardiology Review · doi:10.15420/ecr.2018.33.1 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Scheithauer, T. P. M., Rampanelli, E., Nieuwdorp, M., Vallance, B. A., Verchere, C. B., van Raalte, D. H., & Herrema, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.571731 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
“Although a definition of a “healthy gutmicrobiota” is generally lacking, a plethora of disease conditions are associated with a microbiota composition that is different from a healthy control group (124, 146).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRole of the Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction
Bouter, K. E. C., van Raalte, D. H., Groen, A. K., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.048 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
“The proximal gastro-intestinal tract is thus enriched with Firmicutes, Lactobacilli and Proteobacteria, while more distally Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Akkermansia municiphilia are present [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFactors Influencing the Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Type 2 Diabetes
Li, W., & Duffy, A. J. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.240754 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“and SCFAs (28–30), all of which can affect adipogenesis and/or insulin resistance (31).”
BackgroundMohr, A. E., Jäger, R., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Townsend, J. R., West, N. P., Black, K., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Strong evidence exists to support the role for the gut microbiota in energy balance by contributing to host digestive efficiency [151].”
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Evaluating Causality of Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Diabetes in Humans
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Intestinal barrier permeability: the influence of gut microbiota, nutrition, and exercise
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Resveratrol, Metabolic Syndrome, and Gut Microbiota
Chaplin, A. M. L., Carpéné, C., & Mercader, J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111651 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome—A Systematic Review
Zhang, Z., Mocanu, V., Cai, C., Dang, J. T., Slater, L., Deehan, E. C., Walter, J., & Madsen, K. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102291 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“Although growing evidence from animal disease models have described potential causative relationships between an altered gut microbiota and obesity, whether the gut dysbiosis in human obesity is causative or occurs as a consequence still needs to be elucidated [19,23,24].”
BackgroundHealthy Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Composition and Function After a Decade of Exploration
Ruan, W. H., Engevik, M. A., Spinler, J. K., & Versalovic, J. A. (2020) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06118-4 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“It is the location where water and minerals are absorbed and complex carbohydrate fermentation occurs [42].”
BackgroundThe promise of the gut microbiome as part of individualized treatment strategies
Schupack, D. A., Mars, R. A. T., Voelker, D. H., Abeykoon, J. P., & Kashyap, P. C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00499-1 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The gut microbiota and its interactions with cardiovascular disease
Xu, H., Wang, X., Feng, W., Liu, Q., Zhou, S., Liu, Q., & Cai, L. (2020) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13524 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Jennis, M., Cavanaugh, C., Leo, G. C., Mabus, J. R., Lenhard, J. M., & Hornby, P. J. (2017) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.13178 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Microbiota changes and intestinal microbiota transplantation in liver diseases and cirrhosis
Bajaj, J. S., & Khoruts, A. (2020) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.017 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Microbiome and PCOS: State-of-Art and Future Aspects
Giampaolino, P., Foreste, V., Filippo, C. D., Gallo, A., Mercorio, A., Serafino, P., Improda, F. P., Verrazzo, P., Zara, G., Buonfantino, C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22042048 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Insulin resistance (IR), together with obesity, is closely related to the gut microbiome as showed in studies conducted on animals and humans [38,39].”
BackgroundFecal microbiota transplantation beyond Clostridioides difficile infections
Wortelboer, K., Nieuwdorp, M., & Herrema, H. (2019) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.066 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“For other diseases such as obesity and metabolic disease, a causal relationship still needs to be clarified [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrimary Cell-Derived Intestinal Models: Recapitulating Physiology
Dutton, J. S., Hinman, S. S., Kim, R., Wang, Y., & Allbritton, N. L. (2018) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.12.001 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Alteration of the gut microbiota associated with childhood obesity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
Chen, X., Sun, H., Jiang, F., Shen, Y., Li, X., Xue-ju, H., Shen, X., & Wei, P. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.8317 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The abundance and diversity of gutmicrobiota in obese children were significantly lower than those in normal weight children, which is consistent with existing research (Le Chatelier et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2017; Menni et al., 2017; Scheithauer et al., 2016).”
ResultGut Microbiome in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes
Chen, X., & Devaraj, S. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1104-3 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome as a Target for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Aydin, Ö., Nieuwdorp, M., & Gerdes, V. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1020-6 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationPrecision (Personalized) Nutrition: Understanding Metabolic Heterogeneity
Zeisel, S. H. (2020) · Annual Review of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051736 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Exploring the role of gut microbiome in male reproduction
Wang, Y., & Xie, Z. (2021) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13143 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Proença, I. M., Allegretti, J. R., Bernardo, W. M., de Moura, D. T. H., Ponte Neto, A. M., Matsubayashi, C. O., Flor, M. M., Kotinda, A. P. S. T., & de Moura, E. G. H. (2020) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.018 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Influence of gut microbiota on the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Ghetti, F. D. F., de Oliveira, D. G., de Oliveira, J. M., Ferreira, L. E. V. V. D. C., Cesar, D. E., & Moreira, A. P. B. (2017) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1524-x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Western and non-Western human diets are consistently associated with distinct gut microbial communities [43, 153, 154].”
BackgroundInfluentialAkhlaghi, M. (2019) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422419000155 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“They may also stimulate secretion of GLP-1, a hormone involved in quick postprandial insulin response, increase GLP-1 half-life, stimulate β-cells to secrete insulin, and increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues(192).”
BackgroundA Narrative Review of Gut-Muscle Axis and Sarcopenia: The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota
Zhao, J., Huang, Y., & Yu, X. (2021) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s301141 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Pekmez, C. T., Dragsted, L. O., & Brahe, L. K. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.014 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Human gut Bacteroides capture vitamin B12 via cell surface-exposed lipoproteins
Wexler, A. G., Schofield, W. B., Degnan, P. H., Folta‐Stogniew, E. J., Barry, N. A., & Goodman, A. L. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.37138 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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Jejunum: The understudied meeting place of dietary lipids and the microbiota
Lema, I., Araújo, J. R., Rolhion, N., & Demignot, S. (2020) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Jayakumar, S., & Loomba, R. S. (2019) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.15314 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Metabolic Abnormalities: A Matter of Composition or Functionality?
Morán‐Ramos, S., López-Contreras, B. E., & Canizales‐Quinteros, S. (2017) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.003 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Microbiota Transplant in the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes: Current and Future Perspectives
Napolitano, M., & Covașă, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.590370 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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Shin, J. H., Bozadjieva-Kramer, N., Shao, Y., Lyons‐Abbott, S., Rupp, A. C., Sandoval, D. A., & Seeley, R. J. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.024 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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Lee, S. Y., Lee, D. Y., Kang, J. H., Kim, J. H., Jeong, J. W., Kim, H. W., Oh, D. H., Yoon, S. H., & Hur, S. J. (2022) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111327 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Li, Y., Tan, Y., Xia, G., & Shuai, J. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1951155 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…might influence lipid profiles by improving the gut microflora (Ko et al. 2020), enhancing excretion of cholesterol by feces (Yoo and Kim 2016), modulation of metabolism of bile acids (Oberfroid et al. 2010), and increasing production of SCFAs via selective fermentation (Schoeler and Caesar 2019).”
BackgroundLiu, H., Xing, Y., Wang, Y., Ren, X., Zhang, D., Dai, J., Xiu, Z., Yu, S., & Dong, Y. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12122310 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Increasing the abundance of these pathogens can affect immune cells and consequently induce inflammatory reactions in the gut directly and indirectly through microbial products, including LPS, metabolites, and SCFAs [55], all of which can eventually affect insulin resistance [56].”
BackgroundLi, Y., Bai, D., Lu, Y., Chen, J., Yang, H., Mu, Y., Xu, J., Huang, X., & Li, L. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.130 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome, Energy Homeostasis, and Implications for Hypertension
Riedl, R. A., Atkinson, S. N., Burnett, C. M. L., Grobe, J. L., & Kirby, J. R. (2017) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-017-0721-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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Ma, N., Ma, D., Liu, X., Zhao, L., Ma, L., Ma, D., & Dong, S. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.107949 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mamun, M. A. A., Rakib, A., Mandal, M., & Singh, U. P. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14060463 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Although a clear definition of a “healthy gut microbiota” remains elusive, numerous disease conditions have been linked to microbiota compositions that differ from those of healthy control groups [45].”
Stromberg, Z. R., Goor, A. V., Redweik, G. A. J., Brand, M. J. W., Wannemuehler, M. J., & Mellata, M. (2018) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.035063 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“2), similar to that observed in humans (Scheithauer et al., 2016).”
BackgroundExploring the impact of intestinal ion transport on the gut microbiota
Engevik, A. C., & Engevik, M. A. (2020) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Alfa, M. J., Strang, D. G., Tappia, P. S., Olson, N. L., DeGagné, P., Bray, D., Murray, B.-L., & Hiebert, B. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00260 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Future studies in subjects with prediabetes and T2D are warranted given that dietary supplementation is an understudied avenue for the amelioration of risk factors linked to the development and progression of these conditions.”
InfluentialIntestinal microbiota and their metabolic contribution to type 2 diabetes and obesity
Cunningham, A., Stephens, J. W., & Harris, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-021-00858-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“It has been shown that the proximal GIT is enriched in bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, in particular the genus Lactobacilli, compared to the distal GIT which mainly comprises of bacteria belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with particular attention to the Akkermansia muc…”
BackgroundHu, S., Wang, J., Wang, J., Yang, H., Yan, X., & Su, L. (2019) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.033 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chen, Z.-F., Shen, Y., Gao, D., Lin, D.-F., Ma, W., & Chang, D. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2025 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and metabolic aspects of cancer cachexia
Ziemons, J., Smidt, M. L., Damink, S. W. M. O., & Rensen, S. S. (2021) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2021.101508 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sanganyado, E., Bi, R., Teta, C., Moreira, L. B., Yu, X., Sun, Y., Dalu, T., Rajput, I. R., & Liu, W. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2020.1806663 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“While for health assessment, scat samples were previously used to determine the gut microbiome in marine mammals (Muegge et al., 2011; Sanders et al., 2015; Scheithauer et al., 2016).”
MethodAcids produced by lactobacilli inhibit the growth of commensal Lachnospiraceae and S24-7 bacteria
Brownlie, E., Chaharlangi, D., Wong, E. O.-Y., Kim, D., & Navarre, W. W. (2022) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2046452 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Salehi, S., Allahverdy, J., Pourjafar, H., Sarabandi, K., & Jafari, S. M. (2024) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-024-10223-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Liu, L., Wu, P., Guo, A., Yang, Y., Chen, F., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1206346 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Bifidobacterium can improve digestion, enhance blood glucose control, and lower lipid levels through the gut-stomach axis (57, 58).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Jia, X., & Cong, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396031 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Microbes: possible link between modern lifestyle transition and the rise of metabolic syndrome
Moossavi, S., & Bishehsari, F. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12784 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“It was not until recently that the modulatory role of gut microbiota in insulin resistance was proposed (25).”
BackgroundWang, A., Dongcheng, C., Zhang, H., Li, Q., Yan, Z., Qiu, Y., Xu, H., & Keji, C. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.018 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Targeting flavonoids on modulation of metabolic syndrome
Neri-Numa, I. A., Cazarin, C. B. B., Ruiz, A. L. T. G., Paulino, B. N., Molina, G., & Pastore, G. M. (2020) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.104132 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Conceptual Framework for Studying and Investing in Precision Nutrition
Zeisel, S. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00200 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“This can modulate how much energy people derive from foods (Scheithauer et al., 2016), provide people with essential vitamins [like vitamin K (Ramakrishna, 2013)], create regulator molecules such as short chain fatty acids (Ramakrishna, 2013), and modify the availability of other essential nutrients [such as choline (…”
BackgroundCheng, L., Chen, T., Guo, M., Liu, P., Qiao, X., Wei, Y., She, J., Li, B., Xi, W., Zhou, J., et al. (2021) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20210198 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Theemerging importance of the intestinal microbiota in host health and pathogenesis of several metabolic disorders, including obesity, T2DM and MAFLD has been established [9–10].”
Raju, S. C., Lagström, S., Ellonen, P., de Vos, W. M., Eriksson, J. G., Weiderpass, E., & Rounge, T. B. (2018) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2018.03.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
NOD1: An Interface Between Innate Immunity and Insulin Resistance
RIVERS, S. L., Klip, A., & Giacca, A. (2019) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2018-01061 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Regulation of mononuclear phagocyte function by the microbiota at mucosal sites
Scott, N. A., & Mann, E. R. (2019) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13155 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Claassen-Weitz, S., Gardner‐Lubbe, S., Mwaikono, K. S., du Toit, E., Zar, H. J., & Nicol, M. P. (2020) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01795-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The intestinal microbiota as a therapeutic target in the treatment of NAFLD and ALD
Huang, W., & Kong, D. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111235 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The emerging role of AMP-activated protein kinase in cholestatic liver diseases
Li, X., Liu, R., Zhang, L., & Jiang, Z. (2017) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Faecal microbiota and functional capacity associated with weaning weight in meat rabbits
Fang, S., Chen, X., Zhou, L., Wang, C., Chen, Q., Lin, R., Xiao, T., & Gan, Q. (2019) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13485 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Weber, G. J., Foster, J., Pushpakumar, S. B., & Sen, U. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zhao, R., Khafipour, E., Sepehri, S., Huang, F., Trust Beta, & Shen, G. X. (2019) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.023 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Matheus, V. A., de Oliveira, R. B., Maschio, D. A., Tada, S. F. S., Soares, G. M., Mousovich‐Neto, F., Costa, R. G., Mori, M. A. S., Barbosa, H. C. L., & Collares‐Buzato, C. B. (2022) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109409 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Park, J. M., Lee, H. S., Park, J.-Y., Jung, D., & Lee, J. (2021) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s300026 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Most, J., Goossens, G. H., Reijnders, D., Canfora, E. E., Penders, J., & Blaak, E. E. (2017) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2016.0189 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“To distinguish between hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity may provide new insight in the relationship between the gut microbiota and metabolic health because both may be affected through different metabolic pathways (Scheithauer et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGut microbiome: Microflora association with obesity and obesity-related comorbidities
Lone, J. B., Koh, W. Y., Parray, H. A., Paek, W. K., Lim, J., Rather, I. A., & Jan, A. T. (2018) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.036 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Review article: distinctions between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease: from physiology to pathology
Pierre, N., Salée, C., Vieujean, S., Bequet, É., Merli, A., Siegmund, B., Meuwis, M., & Louis, E. J. (2021) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.16536 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pigs (Sus Scrofa) in Biomedical Research
Bergen, W. G. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_17 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Deng, F., Chen, J., Chen, F., Wu, Z., Li, L., & Hou, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1075201 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In T2DM, the proinflammatory state can lead to insulin resistance (Scheithauer et al., 2016), and the gut microbiota can mediate the occurrence and development of this inflammatory state in many ways.”
BackgroundYunusova, N. V., Кондакова, И. В., Коломиец, Л. А., Afanas’ev, S. G., Чернышова, А. Л., Kudryavtsev, I. V., & Tsydenova, A. A. (2017) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1111/ajco.12780 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Microbial Modulation of Coagulation Disorders in Venous Thromboembolism
Lichota, A., Gwoździński, K., & Szewczyk, E. M. (2020) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s258839 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hu, S., Du, M., Su, L., & Yang, H. (2020) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md18090483 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Structure imbalance in the gut microbiota directly elevates the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in circulating systems and reduces the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) [14], which induces insulin resistance by triggering the PI3K/Akt insulin pathway or by influencing the levels of circulating adipok…”
BackgroundZhang, F., Zuo, T., Wan, Y., Xu, Z., Cheung, C. P., Li, A. Y., Zhu, W., Tang, W., Chan, P. K. S., Chan, F. K. L., et al. (2022) · The Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100304 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Small intestinemicrobiota can regulate host digestive and absorptive adaptive responses to dietary lipids, thereby playing an important role in weight regulation and insulin resistance.(16,17) The less malleable microbiota of the small intestine in obese patients may be one of the reasons why FMT shows a poor clinical…”
BackgroundSquizani, S., Jantsch, J., Rodrigues, F. D. S., Braga, M. F., Eller, S. C. W. D. S., de Oliveira, T. F., Silveira, A. K., Moreira, J. C. F., Giovenardi, M., Porawski, M., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14193921 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Issara-Amphorn, J., Dang, C. P., Saisorn, W., Limbutara, K., & Leelahavanichkul, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22095031 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Due to the most predominant of gut organisms (Gram-negative bacteria and fungi) in the colon [88] and the similarity of uremia-induced gut permeability defect between small bowel and large bowel [36], only ascending colons (distal to the caecum) were kept in tissue frozen in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound…”
MethodMulti-target regulation of intestinal microbiota by berberine to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus
He, Q., Dong, H., Guo, Y., Gong, M., Xia, Q., Lu, F., & Wang, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1074348 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Duan, L., Li, J., Yao, C., Wang, G., Mi, J., Yu, Y., Ding, L., Zhao, Y., Yan, G., et al. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116807 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bozkurt, H. S., Quigley, E. M. M., & Kara, B. (2019) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312119825784 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Banking feces: a new frontier for public blood banks?
Baunwall, S. M. D., Hvas, C. L., Dahlerup, J. F., Mikkelsen, S., Ehlers, L. H., Hammeken, L. H., Licht, T. R., Bahl, M. I., & Erikstrup, C. (2019) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.15422 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Disturbances of the gut microbiota have been associated with a range of extraintestinal disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and allergies.(15,16) For disorders in which a causal effect of the microbiota can be established, FMT potentially offers a new treatment approach that, contrary to antibiotic treatments, has a…”
BackgroundGut microbiota profiling in obese children from Southeastern China
Wang, J., Zhuang, P., Lin, B., Li, H., Zheng, J., Tang, W., Ye, W., Chen, X., & Zheng, M. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04668-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Existing research found that the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in obese children were significantly lower than those in normal weight children [29–31].”
BackgroundEffects of Hydroxy-Alpha-Sanshool on Intestinal Metabolism in Insulin-Resistant Mice
Xu, F., Zhu, Y., Lu, M., Qin, L., Zhao, D., & Ren, T. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11142040 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Studies have identified that intestinal immune homeostasis disorder caused by intestinal microbiota and mucosal dysfunction due to inflammation is closely correlated with the process of IR [6,7].”
BackgroundPuerarin improves skeletal muscle strength by regulating gut microbiota in young adult rats
Yang, W., Gao, B., Qin, L., & Wang, X. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · doi:10.1016/j.jot.2022.08.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“It was found that conventional mice harvest more energy from the diet and are heavier than GF mice [26].”
BackgroundThe Complex Puzzle of Interactions Among Functional Food, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer
Mendonça, L. A. B. M., Ferreira, R. D. S., Guimarães, R. D. C. A., de Castro, A. P., Franco, O. L., Matias, R., & Carvalho, C. M. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00325 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bi, Q., Gu, W., Meng, F., Yang, X., Zeng, L., Liang, L., Yang, M., Zhang, T., & Yu, J. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.085 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Landes, J., Pavard, S., Henry, P., & Terrien, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00985 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Targeting the Gut Microbiota for Remediating Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
Wang, B., Wang, L., Wang, H., Dai, H., Lu, X., Lee, Y. K., Gu, Z., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Chen, W., et al. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab103 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nobre, L. M. S., Lopes, M. H. D. S., Geraix, J., Cajado, A. G., da Silva, J. M. R., Ribeiro, L. R., Freire, R. S., Cavalcante, D. I. M., Wong, D. V. T., Alves, A. P. N. N., et al. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120445 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zandani, G., Kaftori-Sandler, N., Sela, N., Nyska, A., & Madar, Z. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111240 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nikolaou, E., Kamilari, E., Savkov, D., Sergeev, A., Zakharova, I. N., Vogazianos, P., Tomazou, M., Antoniades, A., & Shammas, C. (2019) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-019-00315-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Scheithauer, T. P. M., Dallinga-Thie, G. M., de Vos, W. M., Nieuwdorp, M., & van Raalte, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Nieuwdorp, Max
- Venue
- Molecular Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 759-770
- ISSN
- 2212-8778 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5004227
- OpenAlex
- W2418054056
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18
- FWCI
- 9.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Dutch Diabetes Fonds – Junior Fellowship (2015.81)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, body weight regulation, Western diet, intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, endotoxemia, satiety signals, short-chain fatty acids, low-grade inflammation, metabolic syndrome, dietary fiber, probiotics, prebiotics, microbial homeostasis
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