The DOI matches its Crossref record; 113 of the 115 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 106 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this paper was to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the relationship between physical activity (PA) and anxiety and the rationale for including it as a treatment option for anxiety disorders. Several gaps in the literature are highlighted alongside recommendations for future research. RECENT FINDINGS: PA in the general population has established efficacy in preventing and managing cardiovascular disease and improving wellbeing. Recent epidemiological data further suggests that people who are more active may be less likely to have anxiety disorders. In addition, evidence from systematic reviews of randomised control trials suggests that exercise training, a subset of PA, can reduce symptoms in anxiety and stress-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, agoraphobia and panic disorder. Anxiety disorders are common, burdensome and costly to individuals and wider society. In addition to the profound negative impact on individuals' wellbeing and functioning, they are associated with worsened physical health, including a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. Although pharmacotherapy and psychological interventions are helpful for many, these treatment approaches are not effective for everyone and are insufficient to address common physical health complications, such as the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Given the combined anxiolytic and physical health benefits of increased activity, PA presents a promising additional treatment option for people with anxiety disorders. However, there remain key gaps in the literature regarding the mechanisms underlying the effects of PA, optimal PA protocols, methods of improving adherence and the importance of physical fitness. These must be addressed for PA to be successfully implemented in mental health services.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review argues that physical activity (PA) is associated with reduced anxiety symptoms and may be a promising adjunctive or preventive treatment for anxiety disorders, with additional physical-health benefits. It highlights major gaps in mechanisms, optimal protocols, adherence, and the role of physical fitness that must be addressed before PA can be implemented in mental health services.
Key findings
- Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, with global estimates ranging from 3.8 to 25% across countries and up to 70% in people with chronic health conditions; they are the sixth leading cause of global disability, accounting for 26.8 million disability-adjusted life years.
- People with anxiety disorders are 52% more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than the general population, and traditional treatments leave up to one-third of patients not responding.
- PA, typically exercise-based interventions, has small-to-moderate effects on reducing anxiety symptoms in clinical and non-clinical populations, and may reduce symptoms in trauma/stress-related disorders such as PTSD, panic disorder, and agoraphobia.
- A small study (N = 18) found less panic reaction to CO2 in patients performing moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise versus very light intensity, but the paper notes it is likely underpowered and not designed for causal inference.
Methods
- Design: comprehensive narrative review of the relationship between PA and anxiety and the rationale for including PA as a treatment option for anxiety disorders.
- Data/sample: no primary data collection; synthesizes epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on PA/exercise and anxiety across clinical and non-clinical populations.
- Analysis: narrative synthesis of evidence on prevalence, treatment gaps, mechanisms, optimal PA protocols, adherence, and physical fitness, with recommendations for future research.
Limitations
- The paper states that the precise mechanisms by which PA reduces anxiety remain unclear, including HPA-axis, neurogenic, inflammatory, endocannabinoid, and psychological pathways.
- The paper states that optimal PA protocols are unknown, including frequency, intensity, duration, type, dose-response, and comparative effects of aerobic versus resistance training; adherence is often poor, and dropout rates are traditionally high in mental health populations.
- The paper states that few studies account for baseline or changes in physical fitness, and there is a lack of RCTs measuring physical health outcomes in people with anxiety disorders. Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not describe a systematic search strategy or formal quality appraisal, so conclusions depend on the selected cited literature.
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Claims the paper makes
45 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given · 2 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Physical activity (PA)-based interventions represent a novel approach that have demonstrated efficacy in treating symptoms of several mental health conditions ranging from psychosis (e.g. [28, 29]) to dementia (e.g. [30]).”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Potential for Physical Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Firth J, Cotter J, Elliott R, French P, Yung AR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in schizophrenia patients. Psychol Med. 2015;45(7):1343–61. source
- Supportedcites [29] Firth J, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S, Vancampfort D, Malchow B, Schuch F, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016;43(3):sbw115. source
The citation is attached to the psychosis example, not the separately cited dementia example. The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that meta-analyses found physical activity, particularly structured exercise, significantly improved positive and negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [30] Ahlskog JE, Geda YE, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC. Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(9):876–84. source
Citation [30] is attached to the dementia end of the sentence, not to psychosis. In “SHORT-TERM COGNITIVE BENEFIT AMONG THOSE WITH MCI OR DEMENTIA” (page unavailable), the paper reports significant cognitive benefits in exercise trials involving people with MCI or dementia, including improved cognitive scores in a trial of women with dementia. (LLM, conf=0.92)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a growing basis of evidence to suggest that PA is associated with reduced symptoms of anxiety in the general population”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, despite the physical health burden in people with anxiety disorders, relatively, little is known about the benefits of PA on physical health and cardiovascular disease in this population.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent epidemiological data further suggests that people who are more active may be less likely to have anxiety disorders.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Abstract > Recent Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Baumeister SE, Leitzmann MF, Bahls M, Dörr M, Schmid D, Schomerus G, et al. Associations of leisure-time and occupational physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with incident and recurrent major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and incident anxiety in a general population. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(1):e41–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Azevedo Da Silva M, Singh-Manoux A, Brunner EJ, Kaffashian S, Shipley MJ, Kivimäki M, et al. Bidirectional association between physical activity and symptoms of anxiety and depression: the Whitehall II study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012;27(7):537–46. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] De Mello MT, Lemos V de A, HKM A, Bittencourt L, Santos-Silva R, Tufik S. Relationship between physical activity and depression and anxiety symptoms: a population study. J Affect Disord. 2013;149(1–3):241–6. source
- Not checked yetcites [50] De Moor MHM, Beem AL, Stubbe JH, Boomsma DI, De Geus EJC. Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality: a population-based study. Prev Med (Baltim). 2006;42(4):273–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Goodwin RD. Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States. Prev Med (Baltim). 2003;36(6):698–703. source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Lindwall M, Gerber M, Jonsdottir IH, Börjesson M, Ahlborg G. The relationships of change in physical activity with change in depression, anxiety, and burnout: a longitudinal study of Swedish healthcare workers. Health Psychol. 2014;33(11):1309–18. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to having few adverse side effects, PA may have further benefits for daily functioning as research has found exercise training to produce improved neurocognitive performances in people with mental health conditions such as schizophrenia or depression [44, 45].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Potential for Physical Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Greer TL, Grannemann BD, Chansard M, Karim AI, Trivedi MH. Dose-dependent changes in cognitive function with exercise augmentation for major depression: results from the TREAD study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(2):248–56. source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Oertel-Knochel V, Mehler P, Thiel C, Steinbrecher K, Malchow B, Tesky V, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance and individual psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264(7):589–604. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recent work suggests that PA may also be beneficial for the treatment of anxiety disorders [46••].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Potential for Physical Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 46••
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, evidence from systematic reviews of randomised control trials suggests that exercise training, a subset of PA, can reduce symptoms in anxiety and stress-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, agoraphobia and panic disorder.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Abstract > Recent Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 32••
- Not checked yetcites 46••
- Not checked yetcites [66] Rosenbaum S, Vancampfort D, Steel Z, Newby J, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Physical activity in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2015;230(2):130–6. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to the profound negative impact on individuals’ wellbeing and functioning, they are associated with worsened physical health, including a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Abstract > Summary
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Tully PJ, Cosh SM, Baune BT. A review of the affects of worry and generalized anxiety disorder upon cardiovascular health and coronary heart disease. Psychol Health Med. 2013;18(6):627–44. source
- Not checked yetcites 10•
- Not checked yetcites [11] Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F. Depression and anxiety as predictors of 2-year cardiac events in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(1):62. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Janszky I, Ahnve S, Lundberg I, Hemmingsson T. Early-onset depression, anxiety, and risk of subsequent coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(1):31–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Roest AM, Martens EJ, de Jonge P, Denollet J. Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(1):38–46. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Tully PJ, Baker RA, Knight JL. Anxiety and depression as risk factors for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(3):285–90. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Conversely, physical inactivity has been identified as a risk factor for the development of anxiety [53] as well as for other conditions such as depression [54–56].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Activity and Anxiety: Current Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Teychenne M, Costigan SA, Parker K. The association between sedentary behaviour and risk of anxiety: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):513. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“PA-based interventions have also been found to reduce anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic physical health conditions [69].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Activity and Anxiety: Current Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Herring MP, O’Connor PJ, Dishman RK. The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(4):321–31. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Most notably, exercise-based interventions have been consistently demonstrated as having an antidepressant effect in people with depression [33, 34], with some studies reporting a treatment efficacy comparable to antidepressant medications or psychotherapy [35–37].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Potential for Physical Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Cooney GM, Dwan K, Greig CA, Lawlor DA, Rimer J, Waugh FR, et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9) source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Richards J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;77:42–51. source
- Supportedcites [35] Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Doraiswamy PM, Watkins L, Hoffman BM, Barbour KA, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med. 2007;69(7):587–96. source
This source is cited for the sentence’s comparison of exercise with other treatments. Its Conclusions state that exercise efficacy in patients with major depressive disorder seems generally comparable to antidepressant medication; the Introduction also reports an earlier study finding equal reductions in depressive symptoms. The paper does not need to establish the psychotherapy comparison, which may be supported by the other citations in the group. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked yetcites [36] Brosse AL, Sheets ES, Lett HS, Blumenthal JA. Exercise and the treatment of clinical depression in adults. Sports Med. 2002;32(12):741–60. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Kvam S, Kleppe CL, Nordhus IH, Hovland A. Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:67–86. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“PA in the general population has established efficacy in preventing and managing cardiovascular disease and improving wellbeing.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Abstract > Recent Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Firth J, Cotter J, Elliott R, French P, Yung AR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in schizophrenia patients. Psychol Med. 2015;45(7):1343–61. source
- Could not verifycites [29] Firth J, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S, Vancampfort D, Malchow B, Schuch F, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016;43(3):sbw115. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) discusses possible physical-health benefits of exercise and improved social functioning specifically in people with schizophrenia. The Discussion (page unavailable) likewise concerns benefits in that population. Searches for general-population cardiovascular disease prevention or management and wellbeing found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [38] Broderick J, Knowles A, Chadwick J, Vancampfort D. Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia. In: Broderick J, editor. Cochrane Database Syst RevCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester: Wiley; 2015.
- Not checked yetcites [39] Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Berger NA, Lucia A. Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology (Bethesda). 2013;28(5):330–58.
- Not checked yetcites [40] Schuch FB, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Borowsky C, Zimmermann AB, Rocha NS, Fleck MP. Exercise and severe major depression: effect on symptom severity and quality of life at discharge in an inpatient cohort. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;61:25–32. source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Richards J, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise improves physical and psychological quality of life in people with depression: a meta-analysis including the evaluation of control group response. Psychiatry Res. 2016;241:47–54. source
- Partly supportedcites [42] Vancampfort D, Probst M, Helvik Skjaerven L, Catalán-Matamoros D, Lundvik-Gyllensten A, Gómez-Conesa A, et al. Systematic review of the benefits of physical therapy within a multidisciplinary care approach for people with schizophrenia. Phys Ther. 2012;92(1):11–23. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The General Findings section reports improved psychological well-being and obesity-related cardiometabolic risk profiles with physical activity in people with schizophrenia. It does not establish efficacy for preventing or managing cardiovascular disease, or for improving well-being in the general population. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked yetcites [43] Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2015;169(1):453–7. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The underlying mechanisms for the effects of PA on anxiety symptoms have not been elucidated.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, research assessing the optimal PA protocols for reducing symptoms or on promoting adherence to PA have been lacking.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In such mental health conditions, PA has been shown to have wider benefits to peoples’ wellbeing, including an improved quality of life, less psychological distress and, importantly, improved physical health [28, 29, 38–43].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Potential for Physical Activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Firth J, Cotter J, Elliott R, French P, Yung AR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in schizophrenia patients. Psychol Med. 2015;45(7):1343–61. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Firth J, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S, Vancampfort D, Malchow B, Schuch F, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016;43(3):sbw115. source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Broderick J, Knowles A, Chadwick J, Vancampfort D. Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia. In: Broderick J, editor. Cochrane Database Syst RevCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester: Wiley; 2015.
- Not checked yetcites [39] Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Berger NA, Lucia A. Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology (Bethesda). 2013;28(5):330–58.
- Not checked yetcites [40] Schuch FB, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Borowsky C, Zimmermann AB, Rocha NS, Fleck MP. Exercise and severe major depression: effect on symptom severity and quality of life at discharge in an inpatient cohort. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;61:25–32. source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Richards J, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise improves physical and psychological quality of life in people with depression: a meta-analysis including the evaluation of control group response. Psychiatry Res. 2016;241:47–54. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Vancampfort D, Probst M, Helvik Skjaerven L, Catalán-Matamoros D, Lundvik-Gyllensten A, Gómez-Conesa A, et al. Systematic review of the benefits of physical therapy within a multidisciplinary care approach for people with schizophrenia. Phys Ther. 2012;92(1):11–23. source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2015;169(1):453–7. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Anxiety disorders are common, burdensome and costly to individuals and wider society.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Abstract > Summary
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Remes O, Brayne C, van der Linde R, Lafortune L. A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain Behav. 2016;6(7):e00497. source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Simpson HB, Neria Y, Lewis-Fernández R, Schneier F. Anxiety disorders: theory, research, and clinical perspectives. In: Simpson HB, Neria Y, Lewis-Fernandez R, Schneier F, editors. Anxiety Disorders: theory, research, and clinical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. p. 1–378. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Baxter AJ, Vos T, Scott KM, Ferrari AJ, Whiteford HA. The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychol Med. 2014;44(11):2363–74. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies of the general population have found that people who engage in more PA have a reduced risk of being diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and less frequent and severe anxiety symptoms [47–52].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Activity and Anxiety: Current Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Baumeister SE, Leitzmann MF, Bahls M, Dörr M, Schmid D, Schomerus G, et al. Associations of leisure-time and occupational physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with incident and recurrent major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and incident anxiety in a general population. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(1):e41–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Azevedo Da Silva M, Singh-Manoux A, Brunner EJ, Kaffashian S, Shipley MJ, Kivimäki M, et al. Bidirectional association between physical activity and symptoms of anxiety and depression: the Whitehall II study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012;27(7):537–46. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] De Mello MT, Lemos V de A, HKM A, Bittencourt L, Santos-Silva R, Tufik S. Relationship between physical activity and depression and anxiety symptoms: a population study. J Affect Disord. 2013;149(1–3):241–6. source
- Not checked yetcites [50] De Moor MHM, Beem AL, Stubbe JH, Boomsma DI, De Geus EJC. Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality: a population-based study. Prev Med (Baltim). 2006;42(4):273–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Goodwin RD. Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States. Prev Med (Baltim). 2003;36(6):698–703. source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Lindwall M, Gerber M, Jonsdottir IH, Börjesson M, Ahlborg G. The relationships of change in physical activity with change in depression, anxiety, and burnout: a longitudinal study of Swedish healthcare workers. Health Psychol. 2014;33(11):1309–18. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although pharmacotherapy and psychological interventions are helpful for many, these treatment approaches are not effective for everyone and are insufficient to address common physical health complications, such as the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Abstract > Summary
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Ori R, Amos T, Bergman H, Soares-Weiser K, Ipser JC, Stein DJ. Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d-cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5:CD007803.
- Not checked yetcites [19] de Vries YA, de Jonge P, van den Heuvel E, Turner EH, Roest AM. Influence of baseline severity on antidepressant efficacy for anxiety disorders: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(6):515–21. source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Hofmann SG, Smits JAJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(4):621–32. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is a lack of RCTs comparing the response of people with different types of anxiety disorders to PA [32••] or in the impact of related psychiatric problems (e.g. substance misuse).”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Adherence to Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 32••
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, PA has been shown to up-regulate circulating endocannabinoids such as anandamide, which can produce anxiolytic effects by regulating other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine [84].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Mechanisms of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Tantimonaco M, Ceci R, Sabatini S, Catani MV, Rossi A, Gasperi V, et al. Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71(14):2681–98. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, LeBouthillier and colleagues [92•] demonstrated that while both exercise modalities were efficacious in improving disorder status, only aerobic exercise improved general psychological distress and anxiety, while only resistance training improved anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance and intolerance of uncertainty.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Optimal Physical Activity Protocols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 92•
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PA is known to have anti-inflammatory properties and may exert a positive impact on treating anxiety disorders by mediating inflammatory pathways [83].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Mechanisms of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Moylan S, Eyre HA, Maes M, Baune BT, Jacka FN, Berk M. Exercising the worry away: how inflammation, oxidative and nitrogen stress mediates the beneficial effect of physical activity on anxiety disorder symptoms and behaviours. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(4):573–84. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, anxiety disorders are associated with elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine C-reactive protein (CRP), which can cause chronic inflammation and contribute towards the disorder development [81].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Mechanisms of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Vogelzangs N, Beekman ATF, de Jonge P, Penninx BWJH. Anxiety disorders and inflammation in a large adult cohort. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3(4):e249–9. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PA has a particularly potent impact on improving hippocampal functioning [75], which may support stress response regulation and reduce PTSD symptoms.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Mechanisms of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Voss MW, Vivar C, Kramer AF, Van PH. Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013:1–20. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, recent reviews have found PAs, typically exercise-based interventions, are effective as standalone or adjunctive therapies for reducing anxiety symptoms, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate in people with [32••, 46••, 59–61] and without [32••, 62–65] a diagnosed anxiety disorder.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Activity and Anxiety: Current Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 32••
- Not checked yetcites 46••
- Not checked yetcites [59] Bartley CA, Hay M, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: aerobic exercise for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;45:34–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Jayakody K, Gunadasa S, Hosker C. Exercise for anxiety disorders: systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(3):187–96. source
- Not checked yetcites [61] Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine—evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:1–72. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PA may act through a range of different physiological and psychological mechanisms, but the precise mechanism by which PA reduces anxiety is less clear.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Mechanisms of Action
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The low-cost, low-risk nature of PA means that such interventions could be a useful treatment option for anxiety.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Activity and Anxiety: Current Evidence
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical activity has few adverse side effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical activity-based interventions are low-cost.
In the paper
“However, studies of PA-based interventions in anxiety disorders rarely record physical health outcomes [32••], and little work has been conducted to directly assess the capacity for PA to reduce physical health risks in people with anxiety disorders.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Activity and Anxiety: Current Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 32••
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An innovative recent study found that aerobic exercise in addition to cognitive behavioural therapy improved symptoms in people with panic disorder and agoraphobia, possibly acting through the “breathing hypotheses” [68].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Activity and Anxiety: Current Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Bischoff S, Wieder G, Einsle F, Petzold MB, Janßen C, Mumm JLM, et al. Running for extinction? Aerobic exercise as an augmentation of exposure therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;101:34–41. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An earlier study reported that resistance exercise elicited notably greater reductions in signs and symptoms of GAD, than aerobic exercise [93].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Optimal Physical Activity Protocols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Herring MP, Jacob ML, Suveg C, O’Connor PJ. Effects of short-term exercise training on signs and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Ment Health Phys Act. 2011;4(2):71–7. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Promoting PA has already been suggested as a promising preventative strategy for other mental health conditions such as depression [109]”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Harvey SB, Øverland S, Hatch SL, Wessely S, Mykletun A, Hotopf M. Exercise and the prevention of depression: results of the HUNT Cohort Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(1):28–36. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research in people with serious mental illness has shown PA-based interventions can improve physical health [28, 43] and may have a similar effect in people with anxiety disorders.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Fitness and Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Firth J, Cotter J, Elliott R, French P, Yung AR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in schizophrenia patients. Psychol Med. 2015;45(7):1343–61. source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2015;169(1):453–7. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there remain key gaps in the literature regarding the mechanisms underlying the effects of PA, optimal PA protocols, methods of improving adherence and the importance of physical fitness.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Abstract > Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Factors such as physical inactivity represent a significant, but modifiable cardiovascular risk factor that is widespread in people with mental health problems [107], including anxiety disorders [25•, 53].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Fitness and Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Vancampfort D, Firth J, Schuch FB, Rosenbaum S, Mugisha J, Hallgren M, et al. Sedentary behavior and physical activity levels in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):308–15. source
- Not checked yetcites 25•
- Not checked yetcites [53] Teychenne M, Costigan SA, Parker K. The association between sedentary behaviour and risk of anxiety: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):513. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such research is important for the wellbeing of those with anxiety disorders, but would also help to address the stark health inequalities associated with mental illness more broadly, which appears to be worsening [104••].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Fitness and Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104••]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mental illness is broadly associated with poorer physical health outcomes; the severity of which is epitomised by a 15- to 20-year mortality gap between individuals with serious mental illness and the general population [104••, 105, 106].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Physical Fitness and Anxiety Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 104••
- Not checked yetcites [105] Laursen TM, Wahlbeck K, Hällgren J, Westman J, Ösby U, Alinaghizadeh H, et al. Life expectancy and death by diseases of the circulatory system in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in the Nordic countries. Mazza M, editor. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e67133. source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Wahlbeck K, Westman J, Nordentoft M, Gissler M, Laursen TM. Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(6):453–8. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, PA may have further benefits to physical health and wellbeing.”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity has few adverse side effects.
“In addition to having few adverse side effects, PA may have further benefits for daily functioning as research has found exercise training to produce improved neurocognitive performances in people with mental health conditions such as schizophrenia or depression [44, 45].”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity-based interventions are low-cost.
“The low-cost, low-risk nature of PA means that such interventions could be a useful treatment option for anxiety.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical health problems associated with anxiety disorders and comorbidities are not directly caused by anxiety.
“Given that the physical health problems associated with anxiety disorders and comorbidities, and not directly caused by anxiety, improving the poor physical health, outcomes associated with anxiety disorders cannot be achieved using pharmacotherapy or CBT alone.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Preventative strategies effective for other mental health conditions such as depression are likely to be effective for anxiety.
“Promoting PA has already been suggested as a promising preventative strategy for other mental health conditions such as depression [109] and may represent a cost-effective and practical method of reducing the prevalence of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.”
The paper relies on this without support.
People with anxiety disorders have a significant physical health burden.
“However, despite the physical health burden in people with anxiety disorders, relatively, little is known about the benefits of PA on physical health and cardiovascular disease in this population.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It is also known that women have a higher prevalence of anxiety than men [82,83].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [82]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > Optimal Physical Activity Protocols
“public health guidelines designed for physical health such as the American College of Sports Medicine [97].”
§ Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety > References
“97. Meyer JD Koltyn KF Stegner AJ Kim J-S Cook DB Influence of exercise intensity for improving depressed mood in depression: a dose-response study Behav Ther 2016 47 4 527 537 27423168”
Citations
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Self-citationSports and Exercise Therapy in Holistic Strategy for Treating Chronic Diseases – literature review
Bieńko, M., Rutkowska, M., Król, T., Toborek, M., Marchaj, M., Korta, K., Putra, A., Niedziela, N., & Margas, M. (2024) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2024.66.014
журналу, Р. (2024) · Збірник наукових праць Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України Серія педагогічні науки · doi:10.32453/pedzbirnyk.v35i4.1618
Alzahrani, M. A., Nagla, E., Hassan, A. K., Abdelmoneim, M., Nasr, N., Kholif, M. A. F., Mady, O., & Hamoudah, N. (2024) · International journal of human movement and sports sciences · doi:10.13189/saj.2024.120311
“Kandola et al. [36] discussed the therapeutic benefits of physical activity for anxiety and emphasized the potential of cardio workouts to alleviate anxiety symptoms.”
Respuesta Ligada al Género ante el Tratamiento de la Ansiedad con Lavándula Angustifolia
Campos, V., García-Campos, M. D. L., Jacuinde, M. G. B., Lemus, H. L. L., Ramírez-Gómez, X. S., Jiménez, M. D. C. O., & Jimenez-Garcia, S. N. (2024) · Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i2.11129
Hassan, A. K., Zahran, K. M., Alibrahim, M. S., Alhumaid, M. M., Ata, S. N., Aldawsari, H. K., Frikha, M., Eldiasty, H. A. E. S., Radwan, N., & Hammad, B. E. (2024) · Universal Journal of Public Health · doi:10.13189/ujph.2024.120306
“Exercise training has been shown via research to be an excellent means of managing and preventing cardiovascular disease in addition to improving overall health, and it has been suggested that a lower incidence of anxiety disorders may be linked to higher levels of physical activity [21].”
Abbasi, G., khalilnezhadevati, M., & Rezaei, M. (2023) · Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling · doi:10.61838/kman.jarac.5.4.16 · Cited by 1
Santos, L. R. A. C., Ambrosano, G. M. B., Ambrosano, G. B., Taíra, A., Possobon, R. D. F., Meneghim, M. D. C., & Cortellazzi, K. L. (2024) · Bioscience Journal · doi:10.14393/bj-v40n0a2024-66942
Nair, L. M., Schaefer, A., Ortega, A., & Ting, R. S. (2024) · Springer Proceedings in Behavioral & Health Sciences. · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4802-0_5
Reynard, F., Vuistiner, P., Carré, J. L., Léger, B., & Lüthi, F. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07766-7 · Cited by 2
“Anxiety can prevent engagement in activities, but activity can also be used to reduce anxiety [51].”
BackgroundMurphy, M. J., Storer, B., Kershaw, K. A., Begg, H. E., Burdekin, P., Harvey, S. B., Millard, M., Sharma, S. K., Salehi, C., & Newby, J. M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4458107/v1
Nemoto, M., Yamada, Y., Shinakwa, K., Kobayashi, M., Ota, M., Nemoto, K., & Arai, T. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Digital Health (ICDH) · doi:10.1109/icdh62654.2024.00015
Giménez-Meseguer, J., Sanchís-Soler, G., Sebastiá-Amat, S., & Tortosa‐Martínez, J. (2024) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2024.2413844
“In non-drug-dependent populations, a relationship has been found between PA levels and anxiety level, with increasing the amount and intensity of PA during the day leading to decreased anxiety levels (Kandola et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2023).”
The role of torso stiffness and prediction in the biomechanics of anxiety: a narrative review
Chin, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1487862 · Cited by 1
“…for accurate perception of the world, and the accurate perception is essential for the prediction of higher probability and lower error rates; the bene fi t of suf fi cient aerobic activity to maintain and improve brain function can go far beyond cardiovascular bene fi ts (10, 249, 269 – 278).”
InfluentialFang, Y., Fung, K. Y., Xia, Y., Wei, W., Liu, J., Wu, X., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Guidelines and Standards of Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1097/gscm.0000000000000044
“These ailments can profoundly hinder people ’ s daily lives and overall health [4,5] .”
Association between co-residence with parents and General Anxiety Disorder in Korean adolescentsPreprint
Kim, K.-C., Yoon, S. H., Song, S. Y., Park, S., & Park, E. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5767906/v1
El efecto terapéutico de la musicoterapia en pacientes con síntomas de ansiedad
Flores, L. L., García, S. J., Becerril, A. S. B., et al. (2025) · Medicina e Investigación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México · doi:10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.24370
Ahsan, M., Ali, M. F., Zahrani, A. A., Alhusayni, A. I., & Aljohany, M. (2025) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2025.2461736
“…the comprehensive review by Kandola et al. consolidates epidemiological data supporting physical activity’s role in reducing anxiety prevalence (Kandola et al., 2018). it calls attention to the need for standardized exercise protocols and improved adherence strategies to maximize therapeutic…”
Hu, K., Zhao, Y., Guo, R., Yi, Y., Jia, K., Zheng, S., Gao, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2024-1343
effects of exercise on mental health among college students
Takacs, M. P., Davis, S. E., Drago, A., & Beyer, K. S. (2025) · Health Promotion & Physical Activity · doi:10.55225/hppa.597
Investigation of Greek physiotherapy students’ attitudes toward psychiatry and mental health
Kyriakatis, G. M., Lykou, P. M., Speis, P. D., Dimitriadis, Z., & Besios, T. (2025) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-05-2024-0050 · Cited by 1
Luo, X., Xu, S., Luo, Y., Pan, S., Aikeremu, A., Luo, J., Lin, J., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., & Song, X. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103227 · Cited by 2
Heller, I., Michel, G., Seiler, R., Raguindin, P. F., & Dimech, A. S. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-025-02568-0 · Cited by 2
Machingura, T., & Hurley, C. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815313710125010011
Olivera, P. B., Meza, E. Y., Peláez, A. N., et al. (2025) · Rev. Asoc. Odontol. Argent · doi:10.52979/raoa.1131213.1297
Kline, C. E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00031-0
Javaid, S. F., Hashim, I. J., Hashim, M. J., Stip, É., Samad, M. A., & Ahbabi, A. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26579618
Lindblom, H., Lowén, M., Faresjö, T., Hedman, K., & Sandström, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14175767
Félez-Nóbrega, M., Roig, J. B., Ma, R., Romano, E., Faires, M., Stubbs, B., Stamatakis, E. A., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Smith, L., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16625209
Self-citationLindblom, H., Lowén, M., Faresjö, T., Hedman, K., & Sandström, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14175758
Lindblom, H., Lowén, M., Faresjö, T., Hedman, K., & Sandström, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14175761
Lindblom, H., Lowén, M., Faresjö, T., Hedman, K., & Sandström, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14175755
Kodal, A., Muirhead, F., Reilly, J. J., Wergeland, G. J., Thorsen, P. J. B., Bovim, L. P., & Elgen, I. B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25347208
Kodal, A., Muirhead, F., Reilly, J. J., Wergeland, G. J., Thorsen, P. J. B., Bovim, L. P., & Elgen, I. B. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19297802
Lindblom, H., Lowén, M., Faresjö, T., Hedman, K., & Sandström, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14175752
Saxena, S., Wright, W. S., & Khalil, M. K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26717286
Kodal, A., Muirhead, F., Reilly, J. J., Wergeland, G. J., Thorsen, P. J. B., Bovim, L. P., & Elgen, I. B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25347014
Javaid, S. F., Hashim, I. J., Hashim, M. J., Stip, É., Samad, M. A., & Ahbabi, A. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26579621
Lindblom, H., Lowén, M., Faresjö, T., Hedman, K., & Sandström, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14175749
Lindblom, H., Lowén, M., Faresjö, T., Hedman, K., & Sandström, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14175764
Störungsspezifische Behandlung von Angsterkrankungen
Rausch, M., Pyrkosch, L., & Wehrheim, A. (2026) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-025-00822-0
“Neben einer allgemein anxiolytischen Wirkung (Aylett et al., 2018; Kandola et al., 2018) konnte in mehreren Studien ein augmentativer Effekt von kör-perlicher Aktivität auf Psychotherapie bei Angsterkrankungen gefunden werden, v.a. wenn das Training auf regelmäßi-ger Basis über einen längeren…”
Xu, K., Jiang, H., & Wang, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1678651
Exercise can be as effective as medication for depression and anxiety – new study
Munro, N. R., Teague, S. J., Dimmock, J. A., & Somoray, K. (2026) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aa.sa9ysphwh
Sang, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, J., Zeng, Z., Huang, Y., & Lun, L. I. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1754190
Transtornos de ansiedade em mulheres
Abramov, A. K., Kubrusly, R. C. C., & Silva, B. T. (2025) · Neurociências & Sociedade · doi:10.22409/nes.v2i1.66481
The Role of Social Skills Training in the Treatment of Social Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Heller, I., Bolliger, C., Holmer, P., Schladerer, S. P., & Michel, G. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251409451
“Social anxiety disorder (SAD; ICD-11: 6B04) (World Health Organisation, 2024) is a mental health issue that can cause significant distress and impairment of quality of life by causing individuals to avoid certain social situations (Kandola et al., 2018; Zika & Becker, 2021).”
Role of the endocannabinoid system in exercise motivation
Redon, B. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/844c9d99zd3c6z4550z97a6zebab239b226c
Liu, C.-C., Lin, H.-C., & Chen, J.-E. (2026) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2026.2654558
Approche translationnelle du concept de rémission : le modèle de l'anorexie mentale
Duriez, P. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b67c086fzb96cz490bza284zeebc3b22e364
Li, Z., Wang, L., Wan, H., Tang, Z., Wang, J., Wang, X., Wang, W., Su, J., Yin, A., Zhou, Q., et al. (2026) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2026.103379
Dong, J., Lv, X., & Chi, J. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-09149-3 · Cited by 1
“These rigorous modalities induce more profound neurobiological adaptations, including the robust modulation of monoamine neurotransmitters and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) [60, 61], which might be necessary to disrupt established clinical anxiety circuits.”
The Impact of 30-Minute Jogging Before Iftar on University Students' Mood States During in Ramadan
Wulandari, F. Y., & Priambodo, A. (2025) · COMPETITOR Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga · doi:10.26858/cpjok.v17i1.215
Huang, W., Wu, Y., Shen, Y., Song, H., Chen, Y., Lin, R., Wang, Y., & Yang, X. H. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14101325 · Cited by 1
“…symptoms but also because CBT techniques can effectively address mechanisms underlying common co-occurring issues: for instance, it can target the cognitive hyperarousal and worry contributing to sleep problems [14] and the avoidance behaviors or lack of confidence hindering physical activity [15].”
Physical activity and mental health
Czyż, P., & Nowobilski, R. (2026) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2026.0012
Wang, S. S., Chen, J., Gao, C., Zhou, Y., Wei, Z., & Liang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1808755 · Cited by 1
“A growing body of evidence suggests that aerobic exercise may exert multidimensional beneficial effects on cognitive function, sleep regulation, and emotional states (Kandola et al., 2018).”
Chong, T. W. H., Partovi, A., McCurry, J., Curran, E. M., Ames, D. J., Anstey, K. J., Bahar‐Fuchs, A., BRYANT, C., Cox, K. L., Loi, S., et al. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2026.12008
“16 This may be related to ‘ exercise anxiety ’ where an individual may interpret physical sensations related to exercise, such as sweating and breathlessness as being symptoms of anxiety.”
Strojek, K., Wójtowicz, D., Stefańska, M., Rymaszewska, J., & Kowalska, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1875366 · Cited by 1
“…are consistent with these reports and may suggest that physically active parents demonstrated better stress management, a reduction in depressive symptoms, and the prevention of mood disorders (Babyak et al., 2000; Motl et al., 2004; Hoffman et al., 2011; Schuch et al., 2018; Kandola et al., 2018).”
Merellano-Navarro, E., Loyola-Arriagada, P., Morán-Toloza, A., Bruneau-Chávez, J., Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Gajardo-Herrera, D., Pena-Rojas, J., & Godoy-Cumillaf, A. E. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1833793
“In this regard, the findings indicate that high levels of physical activity do not necessarily coincide with optimal overall wellbeing when psychological and emotional dimensions are considered simultaneously (9).”
Guo, X., Yi, N., Lai, X., Yi, X., & Dong, X. (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70193
CLINICAL EFFICACY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON ANXIETY DISORDERS
Zawadziński, W., Szamocka, K., Kuliński, T., Mehal, K., Pielich, W. M., Bąk, M., Balicka-Dworczak, N., Siusta, N., Stróżyk, K., & Malinowski, K. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6021
The Effects of Sport on Psychological Health
Akbaş, E. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9430-5.ch006
Öktem, T., Akkuş, R., Öz, Ü., & Gök, U. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1901484
“…is protective against anxiety symptoms and disorders (McDowell et al., 2019), that individuals who regularly engage in physical activity have lower anxiety levels (Alves et al., 2019), and that it is associated with a reduction in anxiety symptoms in the general population (Kandola et al., 2018).”
The Effects of Performance Anxiety and Coping Mechanisms of City College of Angeles Dance Troupe
Ayson, M. R., Cayanan, J., Reyes, R. D., Dordas, J. P. G., Lazo, C., Milanes, G., & Fernando, L. (2026) · PUNLA · doi:10.67730/jepnjz90
Zhang, X., Yang, W., & Xue, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1879490
“As a proactive lifestyle choice, regular physical activity is robustly associated with wide-ranging benefits for both Frontiers in Psychology 02 frontiersin.org psychological and physiological well-being (Kandola et al., 2018; Martín-Rodríguez et al., 2024).”
Li, B., Jiang, J., Hu, Q., Wang, Y., Cai, X., & Ma, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1862393
Metadata
- Authors
- Kandola, A., Vancampfort, D., Herring, M., Rebar, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., & Stubbs, B.
- Affiliations
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Limerick (IE)
- Central Queensland University (AU)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kandola, Aaron
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2018-07-24
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 63-63
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC6061211
- OpenAlex
- W2884190723
- Semantic Scholar
- 38a853ecb61fd7f5545a2f61e5786e59ef30f2b7
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Acquire (CQUniversity) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick)
- Funders
- King's College London
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, anxiety disorders, exercise training, post-traumatic stress disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, cardiovascular disease, physical fitness, exercise adherence, mental health services, stress-related disorders
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Mental Health, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Exercise
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