Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance.
Open accessAbstract
It has not been established which physiological processes contribute to endurance training-related changes (Δ) in aerobic performance. For example, the relationship between intramuscular metabolic responses at the intensity used during training and improved human functional capacity has not been examined in a longitudinal study. In the present study we hypothesized that improvements in aerobic capacity (V̇o 2max) and metabolic control would combine equally to explain enhanced aerobic performance. Twenty-four sedentary males (24 ± 2 yr; 1.81 ± 0.08 m; 76.6 ± 11.3 kg) undertook supervised cycling training (45 min at 70% of pretraining V̇o 2max) 4 times/wk for 6 wk. Performance was determined using a 15-min cycling time trial, and muscle biopsies were taken before and after a 10-min cycle at 70% of pretraining V̇o 2max to quantify substrate metabolism. Substantial interindividual variability in training-induced adaptations was observed for most parameters, yet “low responders” for ΔV̇o 2max were not consistently low responders for other variables. While V̇o 2max and time trial performance were related at baseline ( r 2= 0.80, P < 0.001), the change in V̇o 2max was completely unrelated to the change in aerobic performance. The maximal parameters ΔV̇e max and ΔVeq max(ΔV̇e/V̇o 2max) accounted for 64% of the variance in ΔV̇o 2max( P < 0.001), whereas Δperformance was related to changes in the submaximal parameters Veq submax( r 2= 0.33; P < 0.01), muscle Δlactate ( r 2= 0.32; P < 0.01), and Δacetyl-carnitine ( r 2= 0.29; P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that improvements in high-intensity aerobic performance in humans are not related to altered maximal oxygen transport capacity. Altered muscle metabolism may provide the link between training stimulus and improved performance, but metabolic parameters do not change in a manner that relates to aerobic capacity changes.
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Using a fixed percentage of a maximally achievable value of oxygen uptake or heart rate involves a considerable amount of interindividual heterogeneity in other markers of internal load, such as metabolic responses objectified by peripheral blood lactate.
“Using a fixed percentage of a maximally achievable value of oxygen uptake or heart rate involves a considerable amount of interindividual heterogeneity in other markers of internal load (e.g., metabolic responses objectified by, for instance, peripheral blood lactate)”
From Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research (2019) · cites this paper as Vollaard et al., 2009
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Self-citationPhysiological parameters related to distance running performance in female athletes
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“A high V̇O2max is associated with reduced risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease (9, 35, 50), and training-induced changes in V̇O2max have been shown to correlate with changes in risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular disease and mortality (29, 51).”
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Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation
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“…in whole-body aerobic fitness measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and reflect enhancements in the intrinsic oxidative capacity of muscle, and the delivery and utilization of substrates in working muscle during subsequent exercise bouts (Phillips et al., 1996; Vollaard et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBuchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
“Consequently, despite our limited understanding of the dose-response relationship between the training load and training-induced changes in physical capacities and performance (which generally shows large inter-individual responses [19, 20]), there has been a growing interest by the sport science community for charact…”
BackgroundInternal and External Training Load: 15 Years On
Impellizzeri, F. M., Marcora, S., & Coutts, A. J. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
“23 In addition, from a conceptual point of view, there are additional advantages in integrating internal and external load measures for monitoring training.”
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“responses [19, 20]), there has been a growing interest by the sport science community for characterizing training protocols that allow athletes to maintain the longest time [90 % _ VO2max (T@ _ VO2max; see Midgley and McNaughton [14] for review).”
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ResultNoakes, T. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00082 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
“…according to this theory – a good predictor of athletic ability (Snell and Mitchell, 1984; Coetzer et al., 1993; Lucia et al., 1998) nor even of the changes in performance that occur with training (Jones, 1998, 2006; Legaz Arrese et al., 2007; Vollaard et al., 2009; Robertson et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTraining for intense exercise performance: high‐intensity or high‐volume training?
Laursen, P. B. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01184.x · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“The rate at which these adaptations occur is variable (Vollaard et al., 2009) and appears to depend on the volume, intensity and frequency of the training.”
BackgroundAn Examination and Critique of Current Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity
Jamnick, N. A., Pettitt, R. W., Granata, C., Pyne, D. B., & Bishop, D. J. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01322-8 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Is irisin a human exercise gene?
Timmons, J. A., Baar, K., Davidsen, P. K., & Atherton, P. J. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11364 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Self-citationMann, T. N., Lamberts, R. P., & Lambert, M. I. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0197-3 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Timmons, J. A., Knudsen, S., Rankinen, T., Koch, L. G., Sarzynski, M., Jensen, T., Keller, P., Scheele, C., Vollaard, N. B. J., Nielsen, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01295.2009 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“0% to 100%, and thus some subjects are unable to improve their aerobic capacity (7, 34, 54).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMethods of Prescribing Relative Exercise Intensity: Physiological and Practical Considerations
Mann, T., Lamberts, R. P., & Lambert, M. I. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0045-x · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“Large ranges in individual VO2max response have also been reported following other training programs based on %VO2max [19, 71] as well as following training programs prescribed by %HRmax [72, 73] and %HRR [74].”
BackgroundMethodTaylor, N. A. S. (2014) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130022 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle
Smith, J. A. B., Murach, K. A., Dyar, K. A., & Zierath, J. R. (2023) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-023-00606-x · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Metcalfe, R. S., Babraj, J. A., Fawkner, S. G., & Vollaard, N. B. J. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2254-z · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“Previous studies have comprehensively demonstrated that following a period of exercise training part of the population will not adapt for specific parameters (non-responders), and for insulin sensitivity this has been shown to be the case for up to 40% of the population (Boule et al. 2005; Vollaard et al. 2009; Boucha…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRecreational football as a health promoting activity: a topical review
Krustrup, P., Aagaard, P., Nybo, L., Petersen, J., Mohr, M., & Bangsbo, J. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01108.x · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function
Buchheit, M., Chivot, A., Parouty, J., Mercier, D., Haddad, H. A., Laursen, P. B., & Ahmaidi, S. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1317-x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“However, the adaptation response to similar relative endurance training loads vary (Bouchard and Rankinen 2001; Hautala et al. 2003, 2009; Rankinen et al. 2003; Vollaard et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodA transcriptional map of the impact of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle phenotype
Keller, P., Vollaard, N. B. J., Gustafsson, T., Gallagher, I. J., Sundberg, C. J., Rankinen, T., Britton, S. L., Bouchard, C., Koch, L. G., & Timmons, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00634.2010 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“2), while 16% were incorporated in the metabolism ontology group [consistent with the GSEA analysis of the GO Affymetrix arrays, which demonstrated that coordinated upregulation in OXPHOS genes was the top-ranked gene set (62)].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationIndividual response to exercise training - a statistical perspective
Hecksteden, A., Kraushaar, J., Scharhag-Rosenberger, F., Theisen, D., Senn, S., & Meyer, T. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00714.2014 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“In studies that specifically addressed the issue, V̇O2 max is the most common outcome measure (6, 8, 30, 39).”
BackgroundIrisin and exercise training in humans – Results from a randomized controlled training trial
Hecksteden, A., Wegmann, M., Steffen, A., Kraushaar, J., Morsch, A., Ruppenthal, S., Kaestner, L., & Meyer, T. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-235 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“[9,23], a fact that was not considered in the reply by Boström et al.”
BackgroundMonitoring changes in physical performance with heart rate measures in young soccer players
Buchheit, M., Simpson, M. B., Haddad, H. A., Bourdon, P. C., & Méndez-Villanueva, A. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2014-0 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“To investigate individual responses to training, players were divided into two subgroups, post hoc (Vollaard et al. 2009; Buchheit et al. 2010a), based upon their change(s) in either submaximal HRex, HRR or a vagal-related HRV index during the test period.”
MethodVariability in training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation
Timmons, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00934.2010 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“It was also particularly striking that the improvement in V̇O2max was not at all related to the improvement in endurance performance (100), and this was also the case for males in the study by Lortie et al. (61), while for female subjects a modest relationship was found (61).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationDose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research
Herold, F., Müller, P., Gronwald, T., & Müller, N. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“, metabolic responses objectified by, for instance, peripheral blood lactate) (Weltman et al., 1989, 1990; Meyer et al., 1999; Vollaard et al., 2009; Scharhag-Rosenberger et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMolecular Networks of Human Muscle Adaptation to Exercise and Age
Phillips, B. E., Williams, J. P., Gustafsson, T., Bouchard, C., Rankinen, T., Knudsen, S., Smith, K., Timmons, J. A., & Atherton, P. J. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003389 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationSoci, Ú. P. R., Fernandes, T. M., Hashimoto, N. Y., Mota, G. A. F., Amadeu, M. A., Rosa, K. T., Irigoyen, M. C., Phillips, M. I., & de Oliveira, E. M. (2011) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00145.2010 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“CH is a physiological increase in left ventricle (LV) mass that contributes to increased ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output (32, 38).”
Genomics and Genetics in the Biology of Adaptation to Exercise
Bouchard, C., Rankinen, T., & Timmons, J. A. (2011) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c100059 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationBonafiglia, J. T., Rotundo, M. P., Whittall, J. P., Scribbans, T. D., Graham, R. B., & Gurd, B. J. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167790 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Do Non-Responders to Exercise Exist—and If So, What Should We Do About Them?
Pickering, C., & Kiely, J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-01041-1 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle signaling pathways and human athletic performance
Camera, D. M., Smiles, W. J., & Hawley, J. A. (2016) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.007 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Individual Endurance Training Prescription with Heart Rate Variability
Vesterinen, V., Nummela, A. T., Heikura, I. A., Laine, T., Hynynen, E., Botella, J., & Häkkinen, K. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000910 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Scharhag‐Rosenberger, F., Walitzek, S., Kindermann, W., & Meyer, T. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01139.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“VO2max changes between 5% and 156% after 2 weeks to 1 year of training (Prud’homme et al., 1984; Kohrt et al., 1991; Bouchard & Rankinen, 2001; Skinner et al., 2001; Hautala et al., 2006; Vollaard et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSandford, G. N., Laursen, P. B., & Buchheit, M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01523-9 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Given the variability in adaptation across athlete profiles [73, 75, 81, 83], we suggest a framework for targeting aerobic development across diverse locomotor profiles (Table 3).”
BackgroundExercise effects on physiological function during aging
Radak, Z. O., Torma, F., Berkes, I., Goto, S., Mimura, T., Pósa, A., Balogh, L., Boldogh, I. R., Suzuki, K., Higuchi, M., et al. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.444 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Buchheit, M., & Méndez-Villanueva, A. (2013) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.781662 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“It is therefore difficult to clearly explain these individual responses to training, but they were likely associated with different genetic backgrounds (Bouchard & Rankinen, 2001; Vollaard et al., 2009) and changes in body dimensions, which show large inter-individual differences in their rate of devolvement during an…”
BackgroundRuffino, J. S., Songsorn, P., Haggett, M., Edmonds, D., Robinson, A. M., Thompson, D., & Vollaard, N. B. J. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0497 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“training interventions for important cardiometabolic risk factors such as V̇O2max, insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile, blood pressure and body composition (Bouchard & Rankinen, 2001; Metcalfe et al., 2016; Vollaard et al., 2009), it is clear that randomised controlled trials that compare HIT vs.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRepeated testing for the assessment of individual response to exercise training
Hecksteden, A., Pitsch, W., Rosenberger, F., & Meyer, T. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00896.2017 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Moreira, J. B. N., Bechara, L. R. G., Bozi, L. H. M., Jannig, P. R., Monteiro, A. W. A., Dourado, P. M. M., Wisløff, U., & Brum, P. C. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00760.2012 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Incidence of V˙O2max Responders to Personalized versus Standardized Exercise Prescription
Weatherwax, R. M., HARRIS, N. K., Kilding, A. E., & Dalleck, L. C. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001842 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Vesterinen, V., Häkkinen, K., Hynynen, E., Mikkola, J., Hokka, L., & Nummela, A. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01365.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Inter-Individual Responses of Maximal Oxygen Uptake to Exercise Training: A Critical Review
Williamson, P., Atkinson, G., & Batterham, A. M. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0680-8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Haugen, T. A., Sandbakk, Ø. B., Enoksen, E., Seiler, S., & Tønnessen, E. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01481-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Incidence of nonresponse and individual patterns of response following sprint interval training
Gurd, B. J., Giles, M. D., Bonafiglia, J. T., Raleigh, J. P., Boyd, J. C., Ma, J. K., Zelt, J. G. E., & Scribbans, T. D. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0449 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“2009), it is important to note that there are few individuals who do not respond positively to END by either increasing maximal (V̇O2peak), or submaximal performance (Vollaard et al. 2009; Scharhag-Rosenberger et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe future: genes, physical activity and health
Booth, F. W., & Laye, M. J. (2010) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02117.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“A proof of principle is that Vollaard et al. (2009) recently showed that the group of subjects who did not increase VO2max in response to aerobic exercise did show improvements in oxidative enzyme activities in muscle.”
BackgroundPandey, A., Swift, D. L., McGuire, D. K., Ayers, C. R., Neeland, I. J., Blair, S. N., Johannsen, N., Earnest, C. P., Berry, J. D., & Church, T. S. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-2378 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Exercise and diabetes: relevance and causes for response variability
Böhm, A., Weigert, C., Staiger, H., & Häring, H. (2015) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0792-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Furthermore, metabolic fitness parameters like respiratory exchange ratio, maximal heart rate, and maximal ventilatory equivalent do not relate to changes in aerobic capacity [57].”
BackgroundZanuso, S., Sacchetti, M., Sundberg, C. J., Orlando, G., Benvenuti, P., & Balducci, S. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096724 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise
Landen, S., Voisin, S., Craig, J. M., McGee, S. L., Lamon, S., & Eynon, N. (2019) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2019.1603961 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“[26] Vollaard NB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Fredriksson K,”
Hetlelid, K. J., Plews, D. J., Herold, E., Laursen, P. B., & Seiler, S. (2015) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000047 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Twitter Follow Paul Laursen at @PaulBLaursen”
Exercise intensity regulates cytokine and klotho responses in men
Middelbeek, R. J. W., Motiani, P., Brandt, N., Nigro, P., Zheng, J., Virtanen, K. A., Kalliokoski, K. K., Hannukainen, J. C., & Goodyear, L. J. (2021) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-020-00144-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Selectively bred rat model system for low and high response to exercise training
Koch, L. G., Pollott, G. E., & Britton, S. L. (2013) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00021.2013 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Effects of habitual physical activity on response to endurance training
Hautala, A. J., Martinmäki, K., Kiviniemi, A. M., Kinnunen, H. O., Virtanen, P., Jaatinen, J., & Tulppo, M. P. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.658080 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…ratio, Light ¼ 15–35% of _V O2max reserve [ _V O2R] (3.5+0.3– 6.9+0.8 METs), Moderate 435–55% of _VO2R (7.0+0.8 – 10.2+1.3 METs), High 455–75% of _V O2R (10.3+0.8–13.5+1.7 METs), Very High 475% of _V O2R (13.6+1.7 METs). performance (Scharhag-Rosenberger et al., 2010; Vollaard et al., 2009).”
InfluentialBajpeyi, S., Covington, J. D., Taylor, E. M., Stewart, L. K., Galgani, J. E., & Henagan, T. M. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00051 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Endurance Running Training Individually Guided by HRV in Untrained Women
da Silva, D. F., Ferraro, Z. M., Adamo, K. B., & Machado, F. A. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“This is important given that the interindividual response to training varies substantially after the same standardized training program (38).”
Bishop, D. J., Beck, B. R., Biddle, S., Denay, K. L., Ferri, A., Gibala, M. J., Headley, S., JONES, A. M., Jung, M. E., Lee, M. J.-C., et al. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003795 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bonafiglia, J. T., Preobrazenski, N., & Gurd, B. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.665044 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Taylor, N. A. S. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00547.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“If one trains habitually sedentary individuals, then increments in maximal aerobic power (maximal oxygen consumption) are generally realized (108, 321), while healthier and well-trained people are increasingly more resistant to a given endurance-training stimulus (296, 403).”
McGinley, C., & Bishop, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lindholm, M. E., Fischer, H., Poellinger, L., Johnson, R. S., Gustafsson, T. P., Sundberg, C. J., & Rundqvist, H. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00036.2013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“High skeletal muscle CS activity in response to endurance training is a well-known phenomenon and for both of the human studies included in the study, CS activity was significantly higher in the trained state (44, 45).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDinas, P. C., Lahart, I. M., Timmons, J. A., Svensson, P.-A., Koutedakis, Y., Flouris, A. D., & Metsios, G. S. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11107.2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationMarton, O., Koltai, E., Takeda, M., Koch, L. G., Britton, S. L., Davies, K. J. A., Boldogh, I. R., & Radak, Z. O. (2014) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1554-7 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“VO2max, indicating the limited trainability of VO2max reported previously in human studies [40, 39, 17].”
Bishop, D. J., Beck, B. R., Biddle, S., Denay, K. L., Ferri, A., Gibala, M. J., Headley, S., Jones, A., Jung, M. E., Lee, M. J.-C., et al. (2024) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2024.11.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Herold, F., Törpel, A., Hamacher, D., Budde, H., & Gronwald, T. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10030055 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Castro, A., Duft, R. G., Ferreira, M. L. V., de Andrade, A. L. L., Gáspari, A. F., Silva, L. D. M., Nunes, S. G. D. O., Cavaglieri, C. R., Ghosh, S., Bouchard, C., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212115 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Theoretical and Biological Evaluation of the Link between Low Exercise Capacity and Disease RiskPreprint
Koch, L. G., & Britton, S. L. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029868 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…interest are reports showing that there is wide variation for response to exercise training whereby some individuals experience no improvement (or even declines), whereas others show large gains (Vollaard et al. 2009; Timmons et al. 2010; Keller et al. 2011; Timmons 2011; Bouchard et al. 2012).”
BackgroundVesterinen, V., Häkkinen, K., Laine, T., Hynynen, E., Mikkola, J., & Nummela, A. T. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12530 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Laye, M. J., Nielsen, M. B., Hansen, L. S., Knudsen, T. A., & Pedersen, B. K. (2015) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2015/806418 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“[41] find these local changes in muscle metabolism are associated with changes in maximal work capacity more so than VO2max.”
BackgroundEggenberger, P., Annaheim, S., Kündig, K. A., Rossi, R. M., Münzer, T., & de Bruin, E. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00197 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sheykhlouvand, M., Khalili, E., Agha-Alinejad, H., & Gharaat, M. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001161 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“which these adaptations occur is variable (37) and depends”
BackgroundVariability in Individual Response to Aerobic Exercise Interventions Among Older Adults
Whipple, M. O., Schorr, E. N., Talley, K. M., Lindquist, R. A., Bronas, U. G., & Treat‐Jacobson, D. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0054 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In some studies, a fixed proportion of participants with the lowest training response were classified as nonresponders, regardless of the magnitude of change in the outcome of interest (Timmons et al., 2010; Vollaard et al., 2009), while others have considered changes that are less than two standard”
Bonafiglia, J. T., Nelms, M. W., Preobrazenski, N., LeBlanc, C., Robins, L., Lu, S., Lithopoulos, A., Walsh, J. J., & Gurd, B. J. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13928 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Although this finding is somewhat surprising given that both VO2max and WRPEAK are measured during incremental step tests, the observation that participants do not respond similarly across variables is consistent with previous demonstrations of individual patterns of response (Vollaard et al. 2009; Scharhag-Rosenberge…”
ResultStatistical Considerations for Exercise Protocols Aimed at Measuring Trainability
Voisin, S. A. C., Jacques, M., Lucía, A., Bishop, D. J., & Eynon, N. (2018) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000176 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
McPhee, J. S., Williams, A. G., Degens, H., & Jones, D. A. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1454-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In a conventional laboratory-based endurance training programme participants usually train at a set workload, often of around 70% of the whole-body maximal aerobic capacity ð _ VO2 maxÞ: Even though care may be taken to ensure that the participants all work at the same intensity relative to whole-body _ VO2 max; such…”
BackgroundRaleigh, J. P., Giles, M. D., Scribbans, T. D., Edgett, B. A., Sawula, L. J., Bonafiglia, J. T., Graham, R. B., & Gurd, B. J. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0614 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“These results are consistent with previous observations that a low response to training in V̇O2peak is not associated with a low response in several other adaptations associated with metabolic control and/or exercise performance (Vollaard et al. 2009; Scharhag-Rosenberger et al. 2012).”
ResultKilikevičius, A., Venckūnas, T., Zelniene, R., Carroll, A. M., Lionikaite, S., Ratkevičius, A., & Lionikas, A. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01451.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In a human study, the nonresponders in VO2max gain improved in endurance capacity or CS activity to the same extent as the VO2max responders (Vollaard et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSandford, G. N., & Stellingwerff, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2019.00028 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Selection of Appropriate Intervention—Are All Stimulus Created Equal? Many papers report responder or-non-responder outcomes following a blanket intervention without inspection of participant profile diversity (see: Gaskill et al., 1999; Vollaard et al., 2009; Timmons et al., 2010; Sylta et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWeatherwax, R. M., Harris, N. K., Kilding, A. E., & Dalleck, L. C. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1735-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Indeed, criteria to determine incidence of response for changes in VO2max have included classifying a fixed proportion of the lowest training response [6], absolute changes in pre- to post-intervention values [7, 8], and a change of more than one standard deviation [9].”
BackgroundBonafiglia, J. T., Brennan, A. M., Ross, R., & Gurd, B. J. (2019) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14163 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“, 2016; Montero and Lundby, 2017), peak work rate (Vollaard et al., 2009; Montero and Lundby, 2017), lactate threshold”
BackgroundInfluentialDibai, D. B., Mendes, R. G., Arakelian, V. M., Caruso, F., Cabiddu, R., Júnior, J. C. B., Arena, R. A., & Borghi‐Silva, A. (2016) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-016-0052-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Aerobic exercise improves mitochondrial biogenesis [7], the intrinsic oxidative capacity of muscle, and the delivery and utilization of substrates in working muscle [8, 9].”
BackgroundReitzner, S. M., Emanuelsson, E. B., Arif, M., Kaczkowski, B., Kwon, A. T.-J., Mardinoğlu, A., Arner, E., Chapman, M., & Sundberg, C. J. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101857 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Previous publications have re-ported long-term exercise training to have a consolidating effect for individual molecular analytes [27] or in response to acute exercise [12], increasing similarity between athletes.”
BackgroundSelf-citationScholten, S., & Sergeev (2013) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s39632 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sheykhlouvand, M., & Gharaat, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1377552 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Genomics and Genetics in the Biology of Adaptation to Exercise
Bouchard, C., Rankinen, T., & Timmons, J. A. (2011) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2011.tb00367.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Somewhat in contrast to this, a single weekly bout of high-intensity exercise appears to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death, with no additional impact being noted for a higher volume of physical activity (379) (97, 363).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBonafiglia, J. T., Edgett, B. A., Baechler, B. L., Nelms, M. W., Simpson, C. A., Quadrilatero, J., & Gurd, B. J. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0463 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“While this acute and chronic variance provides a practical framework to investigate skeletal muscle mechanisms underlying individual responses, to our knowledge only inter-individual variance in the chronic response to exercise training has been deliberately examined (Vollaard et al. 2009; McPhee et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialCollins, J., Leach, O. K., Dorff, A., Linde, J., Kofoed, J., Sherman, M. C., Proffit, M., & Gifford, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00344.2022 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Preobrazenski, N., Bonafiglia, J. T., Nelms, M. W., Lu, S., Robins, L., LeBlanc, C., & Gurd, B. J. (2018) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0343 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“2017) and changes in V̇O2peak (Bouchard and Rankinen 2001; Vollaard et al. 2009; Zelt et al. 2014; Bonafiglia et al. 2016), WRpeak (Montero and Lundby 2017), and WROBLA (Bonafiglia et al.”
BackgroundMeyler, S., Swinton, P. A., Bottoms, L. M., Dalleck, L. C., Hunter, B., Sarzynski, M. A., Wellsted, D. M., Williams, C. J., & Muniz‐Pumares, D. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02125-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Xu, H., Song, J., Li, G., & Wang, H. (2024) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2024.305 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…2max ) may experience different internal load responses, which can account for varying training-induced adaptations, explaining apparently different training-induced adaptations (responder vs . non-responder when using the percentage of V̇O 2max as internal load indicator) (Vollaard et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMcPhee, J. S., Williams, A. G., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Degens, H., Baar, K., & Jones, D. A. (2011) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2011.057729 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…between people; some previously sedentary individuals show large improvements in enzyme contents, while others show little or no apparent improvements despite completing similar training programmes (Simoneau et al. 1986; Simoneau & Bouchard, 1989; Rico-Sanz et al. 2003; Vollaard et al. 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEdgett, B. A., Bonafiglia, J. T., Raleigh, J. P., Rotundo, M. P., Giles, M. D., Whittall, J. P., & Gurd, B. J. (2017) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12459 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pensel, M. C., Daamen, M., Scheef, L., Knigge, H., Vega, S. R., Martin, J. A., Schild, H. H., Strüder, H. K., & Boecker, H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23308-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Girard, J., Feng, B., & Chapman, C. (2018) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2018.1462588 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
HIF1A P582S gene association with endurance training responses in young women
McPhee, J. S., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Degens, H., Tomlinson, D. J., Hennis, P. J., Baar, K., & Williams, A. G. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1869-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“VO2max ( Vollaard et al. 2009; McPhee et al. 2010), so measuring only _”
MethodSatellite cell count, VO 2max, and p 38 MAPK in inactive to moderately active young men
Macaluso, F., Brooks, N. E., van de Vyver, M., van Tubbergh, K., Niesler, C. U., & Myburgh, K. H. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01389.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The interindividual variability concept in exercise physiology has been increasingly studied over the last few years (Vollaard et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPhysiological determinants of best performance in marathon running.
Capelli, C., & Ferretti, G. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01259.2010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Scribbans, T. D., Edgett, B. A., Bonafiglia, J. T., Baechler, B. L., Quadrilatero, J., & Gurd, B. J. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0455 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…that the genetic diversity of humans and the large degree of heterogeneity in responses to exercise between individuals (Bouchard and Rankinen 2001, Vollaard et al. 2009) could potentially mask a coordinated response at the group level, we also examined the relationship between individual changes…”
BackgroundCorrection: Molecular Networks of Human Muscle Adaptation to Exercise and Age
Phillips, B. E., Williams, J. P., Gustafsson, T. P., Bouchard, C., Rankinen, T., Knudsen, S., Smith, K., Timmons, J. A., & Atherton, P. J. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/annotation/0dd3671e-1460-48fa-9d6a-2865dce78c07 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCreery, J. L., Mackintosh, K. A., Mills-Bennett, R., & McNarry, M. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063051 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The discrepancies in the effect of VO2max are contradictory to what might be expected, given the well-established relationship between baseline fitness and the magnitude of change elicited by traditional exercise interventions [46].”
BackgroundIndividual patterns of response to traditional and modified sprint interval training
Schulhauser, K. T., Bonafiglia, J. T., McKie, G. L., McCarthy, S. F., Islam, H., Townsend, L. K., Grisebach, D., Todd, C., Gurd, B. J., & Hazell, T. J. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1857507 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous literature (Bonafiglia et al., 2018, 2016; Gurd et al., 2016; Raleigh et al., 2018; Vollaard et al., 2009), the present study demonstrated a wide range of responses to all SIT protocols, both between groups and within groups (Figure 1).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialShannon, C. E., Ghasemi, R., Greenhaff, P. L., & Stephens, F. B. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12885 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Vollaard, N. B. J., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Fredriksson, K., Rooyackers, O., Jansson, E., Greenhaff, P. L., Timmons, J. A., & Sundberg, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Timmons, James A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1479-1486
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2121236814
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 30.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.stir.ac.uk
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance training, aerobic performance, substrate metabolism, muscle lactate, acetyl-L-carnitine, cycling time trial, training-induced adaptations, interindividual variability, sedentary men
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcarnitine, Adaptation, Physiological, Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adult, Biopsy, Citrate (si)-Synthase, Electron Transport Complex IV, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Lactic Acid, Electron Transport Complex I, Quadriceps Muscle, Young Adult
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