Assessing the role of muscle protein breakdown in response to nutrition and exercise in humans.
Open accessAbstract
Muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is an important metabolic component of muscle remodeling, adaptation to training, and increasing muscle mass. Degradation of muscle proteins occurs via the integration of three main systems-autophagy and the calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems. These systems do not operate independently, and the regulation is complex. Complete degradation of a protein requires some combination of the systems. Determination of MPB in humans is technically challenging, leading to a relative dearth of information. Available information on the dynamic response of MPB primarily comes from stable isotopic methods with expression and activity measures providing complementary information. It seems clear that resistance exercise increases MPB, but not as much as the increase in muscle protein synthesis. Both hyperaminoacidemia and hyperinsulinemia inhibit the post-exercise response of MPB. Available data do not allow a comprehensive examination of the mechanisms behind these responses. Practical nutrition recommendations for interventions to suppress MPB following exercise are often made. However, it is likely that some degree of increased MPB following exercise is an important component for optimal remodeling. At this time, it is not possible to determine the impact of nutrition on any individual muscle protein. Thus, until we can develop and employ better methods to elucidate the role of MPB following exercise and the response to nutrition, recommendations to optimize post exercise nutrition should focus on the response of muscle protein synthesis. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the state of knowledge, including methodological considerations, of the response of MPB to exercise and nutrition in humans.
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At the muscle cell level, processes of muscle protein metabolism could be influenced by APP, even in a short period such as 6 weeks.
“Therefore, at the muscle cell level, processes of muscle protein metabolism could be influenced by APP, even in a short period such as 6 weeks.”
From Effect of resistance training and fish protein intake on motor unit firing pattern and motor function of elderly (2018) · cites this paper as Tipton et al., 2018
Muscle proteins are constantly being broken down and synthesized, and they are controlled predominantly by physical activity and food consumption.
“Muscle proteins are constantly being broken down and synthesized, and they are controlled predominantly by physical activity and food consumption (Landi et al., 2016; Tipton et al., 2018).”
From Effect of resistance training and fish protein intake on motor unit firing pattern and motor function of elderly (2018) · cites this paper as Tipton et al., 2018
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- Authors
- Tipton, K. D., Hamilton, D. L., & Gallagher, I. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tipton, Kevin D.
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2018-01-24
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 53-64
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- PMC
- PMC5790854
- OpenAlex
- W2785778503
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- PepsiCo
- Gran Sasso Science Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- muscle protein degradation, muscle protein synthesis, resistance training, post-exercise nutrition, autophagy, calpain, ubiquitin-proteasome system, hyperaminoacidemia, hyperinsulinemia, muscle remodeling, muscle mass
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Muscle Proteins, Nutritional Status, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal
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