Time course of proteolytic, cytokine, and myostatin gene expression after acute exercise in human skeletal muscle
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the time course induction of select proteolytic [muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF-1), atrogin-1, forkhead box 3A (FOXO3A), calpain-1, calpain-2], myostatin, and cytokine (IL -6, -8, -15, and TNF-α) mRNA after an acute bout of resistance (RE) or run (RUN) exercise. Six experienced RE (25 ± 4 yr, 74 ± 14 kg, 1.71 ± 0.11 m) and RUN (25 ± 4 yr, 72 ± 5 kg, 1.81 ± 0.07 m) subjects had muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis (RE) or gastrocnemius (RUN) before, immediately after, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h postexercise. RE increased ( P < 0.05) mRNA expression of MuRF-1 early (3.5-fold, 1–4 h), followed by a decrease in atrogin-1 (3.3-fold) and FOXO3A (1.7-fold) 8–12 h postexercise. Myostatin mRNA decreased (6.3-fold; P < 0.05) from 1 to 24 h postexercise, whereas IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α mRNA were elevated 2–12 h. RUN increased ( P < 0.05) MuRF-1 (3.6-fold), atrogin-1 (1.6-fold), and FOXO3A (1.9-fold) 1–4 h postexercise. Myostatin was suppressed (3.6-fold; P < 0.05) 8–12 h post-RUN. The cytokines exhibited a biphasic response, with immediate elevation ( P < 0.05) of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, followed by a second elevation ( P < 0.05) 2–24 h postexercise. In general, the timing of the gene induction indicated early elevation of proteolytic genes, followed by prolonged elevation of cytokines and suppression of myostatin. These data provide basic information for the timing of human muscle biopsy samples for gene expression studies involving exercise. Furthermore, this information suggests a greater induction of proteolytic genes following RUN compared with RE.
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Gene profiles after endurance running and resistance exercise are remarkably comparable.
“Yang and co-workers (Yang et al., 2005) and Louis and colleagues (Louis et al., 2007) compared the acute time-course of mRNA content of metabolic, myogenic and proteolytic mRNA targets after bouts of divergent exercise and show gene profiles that are remarkably comparable for endurance running and resistance exercise.”
From Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract? (2017) · cites this paper as Louis et al., 2007
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“Cytokines released from muscle, specifically IL-6, -8, and -15, recently termed myokines (39), have been found to facilitate myriad cellular responses to exercise, including proteolytic suppression, angiogenesis, and regulation of muscle glycogen (39, 40).”
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- Authors
- Louis, E., Raue, U., Yang, Y., Jemiolo, B., & Trappe, S.
- Affiliations
- Ball State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1744-1751
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2096061116
- Cited by
- 478
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 25.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG 18409, R01AG018409)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- acute exercise, skeletal muscle, myostatin, cytokines, MuRF1, atrogin-1, FOXO3, calpain-1, m-calpain, resistance training, running, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, mRNA expression, time course, interleukin-6, TNF-α
- MeSH terms
- Tripartite Motif Proteins, Forkhead Box Protein O3, Adult, Calpain, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Interleukins, Male, Muscle Proteins, Peptide Hydrolases, RNA, Messenger, Running, Time Factors, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Exercise, Transcriptional Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Cytokines, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Muscle, Skeletal, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gene Expression Profiling, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases, Forkhead Transcription Factors, Myostatin
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