Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife
Open accessAbstract
Recent reports show that fewer adolescents believe that regular cannabis use is harmful to health. Concomitantly, adolescents are initiating cannabis use at younger ages, and more adolescents are using cannabis on a daily basis. The purpose of the present study was to test the association between persistent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline and determine whether decline is concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Participants were members of the Dunedin Study, a prospective study of a birth cohort of 1,037 individuals followed from birth (1972/1973) to age 38 y. Cannabis use was ascertained in interviews at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38 y. Neuropsychological testing was conducted at age 13 y, before initiation of cannabis use, and again at age 38 y, after a pattern of persistent cannabis use had developed. Persistent cannabis use was associated with neuropsychological decline broadly across domains of functioning, even after controlling for years of education. Informants also reported noticing more cognitive problems for persistent cannabis users. Impairment was concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users, with more persistent use associated with greater decline. Further, cessation of cannabis use did not fully restore neuropsychological functioning among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Findings are suggestive of a neurotoxic effect of cannabis on the adolescent brain and highlight the importance of prevention and policy efforts targeting adolescents.
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In humans, adolescent cannabis exposure (ACE) has been reported to affect academic achievement, IQ, and performance on specific cognitive tasks.
“In humans, studies have reported effects of ACE on academic achievement [144], IQ [145], and performance on specific cognitive tasks [146, 147] (but see also [148]).”
From Consequences of adolescent drug use (2023) · cites this paper as [145]
In humans, studies have reported effects of adolescent cannabis exposure on academic achievement and IQ.
“In humans, studies have reported effects of ACE on academic achievement [144], IQ [145], and performance on”
From Consequences of adolescent drug use (2023) · cites this paper as [145]
Cognitive deficits have also been shown to be associated with cannabis use.
“Whilst cognitive deficits have also been shown to be associated with cannabis use (63) these studies suffer from the same issues as discussed above regarding establishing whether association from observational studies are causal or not.”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [63]
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BackgroundInfluentialMechanisms contributing to prefrontal cortex maturation during adolescence
Caballero, A., Granberg, R., & Tseng, K. Y. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.013 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“…studies showing an association between cannabis abuse during adolescence and increased risk of developing psychosis and cognitive impairments later in life (Caspi et al., 2005; Henquet et al., 2005; Meier et al., 2012), although such a link is not cannabis specific (Chambers et al., 2003).”
Why young people's substance use matters for global health
Hall, W., Patton, G. C., Stockings, E., Weier, M., Lynskey, M. T., Morley, K. I., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00013-4 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“A recent longitudinal study suggested that sustained daily cannabis use over several decades can produce substantial differences in cognitive performance that may not be wholly reversible.(101) Reviews of functional imaging studies of long-term cannabis users 103 have concluded that we need larger, better-controlled s…”
BackgroundMurray, R. M., Quigley, H., Quattrone, D., Englund, A., & Forti, M. D. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20341 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Gone to Pot – A Review of the Association between Cannabis and Psychosis
Radhakrishnan, R., Wilkinson, S. T., & Dâ€TMSouza, D. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00054 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
“Therefore, although continued cannabis use results in a decline in their individual cognitive performance (242, 248, 249), when compared to non-users they appear to have relatively better cognitive performance.”
BackgroundAcute and Long-Term Effects of Cannabis Use: A Review
Karila, L., Roux, P., Rolland, B., Benyamina, A., Reynaud, M., Aubin, H., & Lançon, C. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990620 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
“Cognitive deficits seem to be linked with the early onset of cannabis use [82].”
BackgroundLisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“, 2011; Lisdahl and Price, 2012), with a special emphasis on recent prospective longitudinal studies (e.g.,White et al., 2011; Hicks et al., 2012; Meier et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSchuermeyer, J., Salomonsen‐Sautel, S., Price, R. K., Balan, S., Thurstone, C., Min, S., & Sakai, J. T. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.016 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Hasin, D. S., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., Galea, S., Pacula, R. L., & Feng, T. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00217-5 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Adolescence as a vulnerable period to alter rodent behavior
Schneider, M. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1581-2 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Effects of Cannabis on the Adolescent Brain
Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990426 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Notably, those individuals with weekly use before age 18 demonstrated greater decline in cognitive performance [27].”
BackgroundCannabis and mental illness: a review
Lowe, D. J. E., Sasiadek, J., Coles, A. S., & George, T. P. (2018) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“This includes impaired short-term memory, motor coordination and control, executive functioning, as well as altered judgement [12, 28, 101, 134].”
Demographic trends among older cannabis users in the United States, 2006-13
Han, B. H., Sherman, S. E., Mauro, P. M., Martins, S. S., Rotenberg, J., & Palamar, J. J. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13670 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“While an abundance of research has focused upon cannabis as a risk factor for neurocognitive abnormalities in the developing brain of adolescents [24,25], there may be distinctive risks of cannabis use by older adults such as cognitive impairment or cardiovascular risk [6], and these are not well understood.”
BackgroundAlcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain
Squeglia, L. M., & Gray, K. M. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0689-y · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Eugene Arnold, L., Swanson, J. M., Pelham, W. E., Hechtman, L., Hoza, B., Epstein, J. N., Wigal, T., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.014 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review
Walsh, Z., González, R., Crosby, K., Thiessen, M. S., Carroll, C., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.002 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“…identified global declines in IQ and neurocognitive functioning associated with regular and persistent cannabis use beginning during adolescence (Meier et al., 2012) garnered extensive attention, and a substantial literature suggests that adolescent-onset use may exacerbate NMC- related…”
BackgroundUhl, G. R., Koob, G. F., & Cable, J. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13989 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Friedman, D. J., & Devinsky, O. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1407304 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use
Giroud, C., Cesare, M. D., Berthet, A., Varlet, V., Concha‐Lozano, N., & Favrat, B. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120809988 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
The academic consequences of marijuana use during college.
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Bugbee, B. A., Vincent, K. B., & O’Grady, K. E. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000108 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Boggs, D. L., Nguyen, J. D., Morgenson, D., Taffe, M. A., & Ranganathan, M. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.209 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“However, chronic use of cannabis, especially in adolescents, is associated with more chronic deficits in memory (Meier et al, 2012; Ranganathan and D'Souza, 2006), though other studies have not replicated this finding (Jackson et al, 2016; Mokrysz et al, 2016).”
BackgroundResultConsequences of adolescent drug use
Steinfeld, M. R., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02590-4 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“In humans, studies have reported effects of ACE on academic achievement [144], IQ [145], and performance on speci fi c cognitive tasks [146, 147] (but see also [148]).”
BackgroundThe adverse health effects of chronic cannabis use
Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2013) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1506 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Hard Evidence at Last?
Perucca, E. (2017) · Journal of Epilepsy Research · doi:10.14581/jer.17012 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Jeffers, A. M., Glantz, S. A., Byers, A. L., & Keyhani, S. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36571 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Gage, S. H., Jones, H. J., Burgess, S., Bowden, J., Smith, G. D., Zammit, S., & Munafo, M. R. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003172 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“We chose education as a positive control as previous epidemiological evidence has suggested a probable causal association between cannabis and educational attainment (Meier et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialEvidence for the Risks and Consequences of Adolescent Cannabis Exposure
Levine, A., Clemenza, K., Rynn, M., & Lieberman, J. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.014 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Baron, E. P. (2015) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12570 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Optimal outcomes of child and adolescent mental illness
Costello, E. J., & Maughan, B. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12371 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“In the Dunedin © 2014 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. study (Meier et al., 2012) persistent cannabis use was associated with neuropsychological decline broadly across domains of functioning, even after controlling for years of education.”
BackgroundHammond, C. J., Chaney, A., Hendrickson, B. P., & Sharma, P. (2020) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1713056 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“…study by Meier et al. (2012) found that full-scale IQ decrements related to adolescent cannabis exposure persisted into adulthood for individuals who continued to use cannabis and did not fully remit in early adolescent-onset users who abstained from cannabis during adulthood (Meier et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialMarijuana Legalization: Impact on Physicians and Public Health
Wilkinson, S. T., Yarnell, S. C., Radhakrishnan, R., Ball, S. A., & D’Souza, D. C. (2015) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050214-013454 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“In a longitudinal birth cohort comprising 1,037 individuals followed through 38 years (the Dunedin study), persistent marijuana use was associated with a six-point decline in intelligence quotient; these deficits were greater (eight points) when use began in adolescence, and, importantly, these declines did not revers…”
BackgroundDanese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Bleiberg, B. A., Dinardo, P. B., Gandelman, S., Houts, R., Ambler, A. P., Fisher, H. L., Poulton, R., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030333 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“To understand the clinical significance of deficits in brain function associated with childhood victimization, we tested whether victimizedchildrenshowed laterglobaldeficits in IQorspecific deficits in a wide range of cognitive functions associated with clinical and functional outcomes (14, 15, 26, 27).”
Self-citationPediatric pain treatment and prevention for hospitalized children
Friedrichsdorf, S. J., & Goubert, L. (2019) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000804 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Resilience as a focus of suicide research and prevention
Sher, L. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13059 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“In another example, a study has shown that marijuana use is associated with neuropsychological decline broadly across domains of functioning and cessation of marijuana use does not fully restore neuropsychological functioning among adolescent-onset marijuana users (88).”
BackgroundSarvet, A. L., Wall, M. M., Fink, D. S., Greene, E., Le, A., Boustead, A. E., Pacula, R. L., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., Galea, S., et al. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14136 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Marijuana use often begins in adolescence [17–19], when heavy use is associated particularly with poor outcomes [16,17,20–22], including altered brain development [23,24] and decreased educational attainment [25–27].”
Cass, D. K., Flores-Barrera, E., Thomases, D. R., Vital, W. F., Caballero, A. C., & Tseng, K. Y. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.14 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: Results from two longitudinal twin studies
Jackson, N. J., Isen, J. D., Khoddam, R., Irons, D., Tuvblad, C., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., Raine, A., & Baker, L. A. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516648113 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“(23) found greater IQ decline with increased occasions of a marijuana use disorder diagnosis, but this type of categorization captures more than simply the hypothesized neurotoxic effects.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Big Fish in a Small Pond: Ability Rank and Human Capital Investment
Elsner, B., & Isphording, I. E. (2016) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/690714 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Marie and Zölitz (2015) find that access to marijuana impedes performance at university;Meier et al. (2012) show that regular marijuana use can lead to cognitive decline, although their results have been challenged by Rogeberg (2013), who shows that the effect is not causal and is most likely zero.”
BackgroundParent education and biologic factors influence on cognition in sickle cell anemia
King, A. A., Strouse, J. J., Rodeghier, M., Compas, B. E., Casella, J. F., McKinstry, R. C., Noetzel, M. J., Quinn, C. T., Ichord, R., Dowling, M. M., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.23604 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“[39] Further, a five-point loss in IQ is comparable with the effects of chronic cannabis use during adolescence on adult IQ[40] and is greater than the effect of prenatal and perinatal lead exposure on childhood IQ.”
BackgroundAssociation Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Marijuana Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Chadi, N., Schroeder, R. E., Jensen, J. W., & Levy, S. (2019) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2574 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Adolescent cannabis use, cognition, brain health and educational outcomes: A review of the evidence
Lorenzetti, V., Hoch, E., & Hall, W. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.012 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Haug, N. A., Padula, C. B., Sottile, J. E., Vandrey, R. G., Heinz, A. J., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.006 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Morin, J.-F. G., Afzali, M. H., Bourque, J., Stewart, S. H., Séguin, J. R., O’Leary-Barrett, M., & Conrod, P. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020202 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Lisdahl, K. M., Wright, N. E., Medina-Kirchner, C., Maple, K. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0019-6 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Considering Marijuana Legalization: Insights for Vermont and Other Jurisdictions
Caulkins, J. P., Kilmer, B., R.Kleiman, M. A., MacCoun, R. J., Midgette, G., Oglesby, P., Pacula, R. L., & Reuter, P. (2015) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr864 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Perhaps the most rigorous and ambitious study of chronic effects is the 38-year Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study analysis of 1,038 New Zealand residents born in 1972 and 1973 (Meier et al., 2012).”
BackgroundHippocampal harms, protection and recovery following regular cannabis use
Yücel, M., Lorenzetti, V., Suo, C., Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Takagi, M., Lubman, D. I., & Solowij, N. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.201 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Medical Cannabinoids in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Wong, S. S., & Wilens, T. E. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1818 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
UPPS-P model impulsivity and marijuana use behaviors in adolescents: A meta-analysis
VanderVeen, J. D., Hershberger, A. R., & Cyders, M. A. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.016 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
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Onaemo, V. N., Fawehinmi, T. O., & D'Arcy, C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.043 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Burggren, A. C., Shirazi, A., Ginder, N., & London, E. D. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1634086 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“ing years of regular cannabis use (135,140,149,150).”
BackgroundAssociation Between Lifetime Marijuana Use and Cognitive Function in Middle Age
Auer, R., Vittinghoff, E., Yaffe, K. S., Künzi, A., Kertesz, S. G., Levine, D. A., Albanese, E., Whitmer, R. A., Jacobs, D. R., Sidney, S. S., et al. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7841 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“e 2 (0-12) 5 (1-13) 9 (2-17) 9 (3-18) 10 (3-21) <.”
Schulte, M. H. J., Cousijn, J., den Uyl, T. E., Goudriaan, A. E., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., Schilt, T., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.08.002 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabinoid exposure in adult psychopathology
Renard, J., Krebs, M., Pen, G. L., & Jay, T. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00361 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Neurocognitive consequences of chronic cannabis use: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Figueiredo, P. R., Tolomeo, S., Steele, J. D., & Baldacchino, A. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.014 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Prenatal cannabis exposure - The “first hit” to the endocannabinoid system
Richardson, K. A., Hester, A. K., & McLemore, G. L. (2016) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2016.08.003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Meier and colleagues investigated the effects of PCE and marijuana use during adolescence, contending that young people who use marijuana heavily during adolescence lose a significant number of IQ points, which may not be recovered after cessation of drug use in adulthood (Meier et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDaily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults
Weiland, B. J., Thayer, R. E., Depue, B. E., Sabbineni, A., Bryan, A. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2946-14.2015 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse
Mooney-Leber, S. M., & Gould, T. J. (2018) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.046672.117 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Adolescent Substance Use and the Brain: Behavioral, Cognitive and Neuroimaging Correlates
Hamidullah, S., Thorpe, H. H. A., Frie, J. A., McCurdy, R. D., & Khokhar, J. Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00298 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Colizzi, M., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0142-2 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Miech, R., Johnston, L. A., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., Schulenberg, J., & Patrick, M. E. (2015) · The International journal on drug policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.01.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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“In general, studies with the longest follow-up [8,9] and greatest cannabis exposure [8,9,11] tended to show the strongest evidence of cannabisrelated neuropsychological decline, and studies with the shortest follow-up period and least cannabis exposure [14–17] (i.”
Self-citationRisks Associated With the Non-Medicinal Use of Cannabis
Hoch, E., Bonnet, U., Thomasius, R., Ganzer, F., Havemann‐Reinecke, U., & Preuss, U. W. (2015) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0271 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“One of the highest-quality studies is by Meier and colleagues (4).”
BackgroundResultGenome-wide association study implicates CHRNA2 in cannabis use disorder
Demontis, D., Rajagopal, V. M., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Als, T. D., Grove, J., Leppälä, K., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Pallesen, J., Hjorthøj, C. R., Reginsson, G. W., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0416-1 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Heavy cannabis use, dependence and the brain: a clinical perspective
Kroon, E., Kuhns, L., Hoch, E., & Cousijn, J. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14776 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Impact of Cannabis Use on the Development of Psychotic Disorders
Wilkinson, S. T., Radhakrishnan, R., & D’Souza, D. C. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0018-7 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Safety and Toxicology of Cannabinoids
Sachs, J., McGlade, E., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0380-8 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“[46] found that cessation of cannabis did not fully restore cognitive deficits among adolescent-onset cannabis users, and may result in a greater loss of IQ in adolescence [46, 57].”
BackgroundGanzer, F., Bröning, S., Kraft, S., Sack, P., & Thomasius, R. (2016) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9316-2 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Implications of Marijuana Legalization for Adolescent Substance Use
Hopfer, C. (2014) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2014.943386 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Weekly marijuana use under age 18 years has been associated with an 8-point drop in intelligence among those who develop persistent dependence, whereas those with adult onset of comparable levels of use are less affected; importantly, the loss of cognitive capacity may not recover completely after desisting from marij…”
BackgroundSugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Pinto, L., Poulton, R., Williams, B. S., & Caspi, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148435 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Moreover, we have previously published positive findings in this cohort using these same brain and behavior phenotypes [27, 28, 37, 38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRoditis, M. L., Delucchi, K., Chang, A. O., & Halpern‐Felsher, B. L. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Long-term use of marijuana can lead to addiction, with initiation in adolescence associated with higher rates of addiction, negative impacts on brain development, and lower levels of school and lifetime achievement (Bray et al., 2000; Brook et al., 2013; Hall & Degenhardt, 2009; Meier et al., 2012; Volkow et al., 2014…”
BackgroundCannabinoids: Medical implications
Schrot, R. J., & Hubbard, J. R. (2016) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2016.1145794 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“The maturing adolescent brain, which may not achieve complete anatomic development until the early 20’s (65), appears to be more vulnerable to the long-term effects of marijuana use (47).”
BackgroundInfluentialDellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Giguère, S., & Dumais, A. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15764 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
- Authors
- Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E., McDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-08-27
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- E2657-64
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3479587
- OpenAlex
- W2153739923
- Cited by
- 1,523
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 130 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 80.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Jacobs Foundation (AG032282)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K00381X, MR/K00381X/1, AG032282, G0100527)
- National Institute on Aging (AG-032282, R01AG032282)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-077874, R01MH077874)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA023026)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD065563, R24HD065563)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- cannabis use, neuropsychological decline, cognitive impairment, adolescent brain development, neurotoxicity, cannabis cessation, Dunedin Study, birth cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Marijuana Smoking, Mental Processes, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Cohort Studies, Least-Squares Analysis
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