The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Poverty, Stress, and Brain Development: New Directions for Prevention and Intervention
Open accessAbstract
We review some of the growing evidence of the costs of poverty to children's neuroendocrine function, early brain development, and cognitive ability. We underscore the importance of addressing the negative consequences of poverty-related adversity early in children's lives, given evidence supporting the plasticity of executive functions and associated physiologic processes in response to early intervention and the importance of higher order cognitive functions for success in school and in life. Finally, we highlight some new directions for prevention and intervention that are rapidly emerging at the intersection of developmental science, pediatrics, child psychology and psychiatry, and public policy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In this way, disorganized attachment endangers the development of foundational competencies, including executive functions, emotion recognition, and social information processing”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Blair & Raver, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Parenting is influenced by perceptions and beliefs about parenting itself [24, 26] and the level of parental stress [27, 28].”
From Socioeconomic position, family context, and child cognitive development (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541
A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010076108 · Cited by 4,885
Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development
McLoyd, V. C. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185 · Cited by 3,763
Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function
Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2648 · Cited by 3,299
Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330 · Cited by 2,884
Meaney, M. J. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161 · Cited by 2,708
STRESS AND HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY
McEwen, B. S. (1999) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.105 · Cited by 2,087
Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control
Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1151148 · Cited by 2,025
The neurobiology of stress and development.
Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 · Cited by 2,011
McEwen, B. S. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02950-4 · Cited by 1,827
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0024768 · Cited by 1,785
McEwen, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x · Cited by 1,715
Joëls, M., & Baram, T. Z. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2632 · Cited by 1,521
Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents
Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Brito, N. H., Bartsch, H., Kan, E., Kuperman, J. M., Akshoomoff, N., Amaral, D. G., Bloss, C. S., Libiger, O., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3983 · Cited by 1,423
SES differences in language processing skill and vocabulary are evident at 18 months
Fernald, A., Marchman, V. A., & Weisleder, A. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12019 · Cited by 1,277
Early Childhood Investments Substantially Boost Adult Health
Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E., & Pan, Y. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1248429 · Cited by 1,106
Association of Child Poverty, Brain Development, and Academic Achievement
Hair, N. L., Hanson, J. L., Wolfe, B. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1475 · Cited by 1,017
Liston, C., Miller, M. M., Goldwater, D. S., Radley, J. J., Rocher, A. B., Hof, P. R., Morrison, J. H., & McEwen, B. S. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1184-06.2006 · Cited by 968
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.627 · Cited by 950
Promoting Academic and Social-Emotional School Readiness: The Head Start REDI Program
Bierman, K. L., Domitrovich, C. E., Nix, R. L., Gest, S. D., Welsh, J. A., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., Nelson, K. E., & Gill, S. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01227.x · Cited by 884
Self-citationChild development in the context of adversity: Experiential canalization of brain and behavior.
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0027493 · Cited by 799
Self-citationRaver, C. C., Jones, S. M., Li-Grining, C., Zhai, F., Bub, K., & Pressler, E. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01561.x · Cited by 754
Self-citationHostinar, C. E., Sullivan, R. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0032671 · Cited by 739
Luby, J., Belden, A., Botteron, K., Marrus, N., Harms, M. P., Babb, C., Nishino, T., & Barch, D. (2013) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3139 · Cited by 733
Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory
Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811910106 · Cited by 724
The Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children's Socioemotional Adjustment
Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x · Cited by 709
Experiential canalization of behavioral development: Theory.
Gottlieb, G. (1991) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.4 · Cited by 696
A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: a consideration of developmental timing
Tottenham, N. (2009) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.068.2009 · Cited by 651
A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children
Evans, G. W. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.5.924 · Cited by 624
Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Willoughby, M., Mills-Koonce, R., Cox, M., Greenberg, M. T., Kivlighan, K. T., Fortunato, C. K., & the FLP Investigators (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01643.x · Cited by 579
Self-citationEarly experience and the development of stress reactivity and regulation in children
Loman, M. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.05.007 · Cited by 533
Socioeconomic status and structural brain development
Brito, N. H., & Noble, K. G. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00276 · Cited by 525
Huizink, A. C., Mulder, E. J. H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.115 · Cited by 473
Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents
Holmes, A., & Wellman, C. L. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.11.005 · Cited by 469
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., & Guttentag, C. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013030 · Cited by 465
Family Poverty Affects the Rate of Human Infant Brain Growth
Hanson, J. L., Hair, N., Shen, D. G., Shi, F., Gilmore, J. H., Wolfe, B. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080954 · Cited by 430
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Tibu, F., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1423363112 · Cited by 426
The adaptive human parental brain: implications for children's social development
Feldman, R. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.004 · Cited by 419
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112393 · Cited by 391
Self-citationCorticosteroid hormones in the central stress response: Quick-and-slow
de Kloet, E. R., Karst, H., & Joëls, M. (2008) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.10.002 · Cited by 391
Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lewis, E., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Levine, S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000400 · Cited by 377
Ladd, C. O., Huot, R. L., Thrivikraman, K. V., Nemeroff, C. B., & Plotsky, P. M. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.10.007 · Cited by 368
HIDDEN REGULATORS IN ATTACHMENT, SEPARATION, AND LOSS
Hofer, M. A. (1994) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01285.x · Cited by 361
Neville, H. J., Stevens, C., Pakulak, E., Bell, T. A., Fanning, J. L., Klein, S., & Isbell, E. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1304437110 · Cited by 359
Fisher, P. A., Gunnar, M. R., Dozier, M., Bruce, J., & Pears, K. C. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1376.023 · Cited by 310
Groeneweg, F. L., Karst, H., de Kloet, E. R., & Joëls, M. (2012) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.020 · Cited by 289
Associations between children's socioeconomic status and prefrontal cortical thickness
Lawson, G. M., Duda, J., Avants, B., Wu, J., & Farah, M. J. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12096 · Cited by 284
The maternal brain and its plasticity in humans
Kim, P., Strathearn, L., & Swain, J. E. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.001 · Cited by 278
Allostasis and allostatic load in the context of poverty in early childhood
Blair, C., Raver, C. C., Granger, D. A., Mills-Koonce, R., Hibel, L. C., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000344 · Cited by 263
Self-citationSocioeconomic status and functional brain development – associations in early infancy
Tomalski, P., Moore, D. G., Ribeiro, H., Axelsson, E. L., Murphy, E., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Johnson, M. H., & Kushnerenko, E. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12079 · Cited by 240
Hanson, J. L., Chung, M. K., Avants, B. B., Rudolph, K. D., Shirtcliff, E. A., Gee, J. C., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0307-12.2012 · Cited by 219
How Low Socioeconomic Status Affects 2-Year Hormonal Trajectories in Children
Chen, E., Cohen, S., & Miller, G. E. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609355566 · Cited by 209
Parker, K. J., Buckmaster, C. L., Sundlass, K., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506571103 · Cited by 202
Metzler, C. W., Sanders, M. R., Rusby, J. C., & Crowley, R. N. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.05.004 · Cited by 197
Individual development and evolution: Experiential canalization of self-regulation.
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026472 · Cited by 190
Self-citationMaternal Working Memory and Reactive Negativity in Parenting
Deater-Deckard, K. D., Sewell, M. D., Petrill, S. A., & Thompson, L. A. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609354073 · Cited by 185
A family-oriented psychosocial intervention reduces inflammation in low-SES African American youth
Miller, G. E., Brody, G. H., Yu, T., & Chen, E. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1406578111 · Cited by 180
A Neurobiological Perspective on Early Human Deprivation
Nelson, C. A. (2007) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00004.x · Cited by 168
Mendelsohn, A. L., Huberman, H. S., Berkule, S. B., Brockmeyer, C. A., Morrow, L. M., & Dreyer, B. P. (2011) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.254 · Cited by 167
Cost-Effective Early Childhood Development Programs from Preschool to Third Grade
Reynolds, A. J., & Temple, J. A. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091411 · Cited by 161
Barquero, L. A., Davis, N., & Cutting, L. E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083668 · Cited by 154
Programming social, cognitive, and neuroendocrine development by early exposure to novelty
Tang, A. C., Akers, K. G., Reeb, B. C., Romeo, R. D., & McEwen, B. S. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607374103 · Cited by 127
Callaghan, B. L., Sullivan, R. M., Howell, B., & Tottenham, N. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21260 · Cited by 115
Social-Emotional Screening for Infants and Toddlers in Primary Care
Briggs, R. D., Stettler, E. M., Silver, E. J., Hershberg, R. S., Nayak, M., Chinitz, S., & Racine, A. D. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2211 · Cited by 115
Brotman, L. M., Gouley, K. K., Huang, K., Kamboukos, D. M., Fratto, C. M., & Pine, D. S. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1172 · Cited by 107
Early exposure to environmental chaos and children's physical and mental health
Coley, R. L., Lynch, A. D., & Kull, M. A. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.03.001 · Cited by 105
Reach Out and Read: Literacy Promotion in Pediatric Primary Care
KLASS, P. E., Dreyer, B. P., & Mendelsohn, A. L. (2009) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2009.08.009 · Cited by 86
Neurobiology of attachment to an abusive caregiver: Short‐term benefits and long‐term costs
Perry, R. E., & Sullivan, R. M. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21219 · Cited by 75
Poverty’s Most Insidious Damage
Luby, J. L. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1682 · Cited by 63
Reducing Maternal Depressive Symptoms Through Promotion of Parenting in Pediatric Primary Care
Berkule, S. B., Cates, C. B., Dreyer, B. P., Huberman, H. S., Arevalo, J., Burtchen, N., Weisleder, A., & Mendelsohn, A. L. (2014) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922814528033 · Cited by 56
Socioeconomic Deprivation and Cortical Morphology
Krishnadas, R., McLean, J., Batty, G. D., Burns, H., Deans, K. A., Ford, I., McConnachie, A., McLean, J. S., Millar, K., Sattar, N. A., et al. (2013) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182a151a7 · Cited by 49
Ylinen, S., & Kujala, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00137 · Cited by 43
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019
Bitsko, R. H., Claussen, A. H., Lichstein, J., Black, L. I., Jones, S. E., Danielson, M. L., Hoenig, J. M., Davis Jack, S. P., Brody, D. J., Gyawali, S., et al. (2022) · MMWR Supplements · doi:10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1 · Cited by 1,723
“For example, positive socioemotional skills such as selfregulation and resilience can be enhanced through intervention and predict long-term positive outcomes (26,106).”
BackgroundPoverty, depression, and anxiety: Causal evidence and mechanisms
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay0214 · Cited by 1,220
“Such shocks can profoundly affect brain development, cognitive ability, andmental health in adolescence and adulthood (58, 59).”
BackgroundResilience Theory and Research on Children and Families: Past, Present, and Promise
Masten, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12255 · Cited by 1,329
The neuroscience of socioeconomic status: Correlates, causes, and consequences
Farah, M. J. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.034 · Cited by 653
“Structural correlates of SES have been discussed in recent years by several authors (e.g., Blair and Raver, 2016; Brito and Noble, 2014; Gabrieli and Bunge, 2017; Holz et al., 2015; Johnson et al., 2016; Katsnelson, 2015; Lipina and Segretin, 2015).”
BackgroundKoss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12784 · Cited by 489
Metadata
- Authors
- Blair, C., & Raver, C. C.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blair, Clancy
- ORCID
- Blair, Clancy
- Venue
- Academic Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- S30-S36
- ISSN
- 1876-2859 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5765853
- OpenAlex
- W2327738691
- Cited by
- 543
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Academic Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD51502, P01 HD39667)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- US Administration for Children and Families (90YR0057)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- poverty, childhood adversity, stress, early brain development, neuroendocrine function, executive function, cognitive ability, early intervention, prevention, child development, public policy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Poverty, Stress, Psychological, Parenting, Early Intervention, Educational, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
