Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Socioeconomic disparities are associated with differences in cognitive development. The extent to which this translates to disparities in brain structure is unclear. We investigated relationships between socioeconomic factors and brain morphometry, independently of genetic ancestry, among a cohort of 1,099 typically developing individuals between 3 and 20 years of age. Income was logarithmically associated with brain surface area. Among children from lower income families, small differences in income were associated with relatively large differences in surface area, whereas, among children from higher income families, similar income increments were associated with smaller differences in surface area. These relationships were most prominent in regions supporting language, reading, executive functions and spatial skills; surface area mediated socioeconomic differences in certain neurocognitive abilities. These data imply that income relates most strongly to brain structure among the most disadvantaged children.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In older children and adolescents, lower family income and lower parental education are associated with reduced volumes of cortical grey matter, hippocampus, and amygdala, as well as reduced cortical surface area and cortical thickness.
“In older children and adolescents, lower family income and lower parental education have been associated with reduced volumes of cortical grey matter, the hippocampus, and the amygdala168 as well as reduced cortical surface area and cortical thickness169, 170.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [170]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images
Fischl, B. R., & Dale, A. M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.200033797 · Cited by 5,789 · see citing works
Self-citationSocioeconomic disadvantage and child development
McLoyd, V. C. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185 · Cited by 3,763 · see citing works
The effects of poverty on children.
Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1997) · The Future of Children · doi:10.2307/1602387 · Cited by 2,837 · see citing works
The environment of childhood poverty
Evans, G. W. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.2.77 · Cited by 2,396 · see citing works
Mapping cortical change across the human life span
Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., & Toga, A. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1008 · Cited by 2,328 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancements to the ADMIXTURE algorithm for individual ancestry estimation
Alexander, D. H., & Lange, K. L. (2011) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-246 · Cited by 1,566 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and the developing brain
Hackman, D. A., & Farah, M. J. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003 · Cited by 1,556 · see citing works
Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents
Shaw, P., Greenstein, D., Lerch, J., Clasen, L., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., Evans, A., Rapoport, J., & Giedd, J. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04513 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Longitudinal Mapping of Cortical Thickness and Brain Growth in Normal Children
Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Leonard, C. M., Welcome, S. E., Kan, E., & Toga, A. W. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1798-04.2004 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of attentional networks in childhood
Rueda, M. R., Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Halparin, J. D., Gruber, D. B., Lercari, L. P., & Posner, M. I. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.012 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task
Casey, B. J., Trainor, R. J., Orendi, J. L., Schubert, A. B., Nystrom, L. E., Giedd, J. N., Castellanos, F. X., Haxby, J. V., Noll, D. C., Cohen, J. D., et al. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.835 · Cited by 1,106 · see citing works
Self-citationSocioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities.
Noble, K. G., McCandliss, B. D., & Farah, M. J. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children
Noble, K. G., Norman, M. F., & Farah, M. J. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00394.x · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
Self-citationRaver, C. C., Jones, S. M., Li-Grining, C., Zhai, F., Bub, K., & Pressler, E. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01561.x · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Luby, J., Belden, A., Botteron, K., Marrus, N., Harms, M. P., Babb, C., Nishino, T., & Barch, D. (2013) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3139 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Raznahan, A., Shaw, P., Lalonde, F., Stockman, M., Wallace, G. L., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Gogtay, N., & Giedd, J. N. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0054-11.2011 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Kan, E., Woods, R. P., Yoshii, J., Bansal, R., Xu, D., Zhu, H., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl066 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Self-citationKlingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317205276 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood
Kim, P., Evans, G. W., Angstadt, M., Ho, S. S., Sripada, C. S., Swain, J. E., Liberzon, I., & Phan, K. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1308240110 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain
Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Kan, E., & Sowell, E. R. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Self-citationCan Family Socioeconomic Resources Account for Racial and Ethnic Test Score Gaps?
Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2005) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.2005.0004 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Family Poverty Affects the Rate of Human Infant Brain Growth
Hanson, J. L., Hair, N., Shen, D. G., Shi, F., Gilmore, J. H., Wolfe, B. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080954 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: moving from correlation to causation
Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2012) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1176 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Changes in Thickness and Surface Area of the Human Cortex and Their Relationship with Intelligence
Schnack, H. G., van Haren, N. E. M., Brouwer, R. M., Evans, A. C., Durston, S., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Pol, H. E. H. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht357 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Stevens, C. J., Lauinger, B., & Neville, H. J. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00807.x · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Association between Income and the Hippocampus
Hanson, J., Chandra, A., Wolfe, B., & Pollak, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018712 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Children’s Brain Structure
Jednoróg, K., Altarelli, I., Monzalvo, K., Fluss, J., Dubois, J., Billard, C., Dehaene‐Lambertz, G., & Ramus, F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042486 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Brain–behavior relationships in reading acquisition are modulated by socioeconomic factors
Noble, K. G., Wolmetz, M. E., Ochs, L. G., Farah, M. J., & McCandliss, B. D. (2006) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00542.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationThe development of reading impairment: A cognitive neuroscience model
McCandliss, B. D., & Noble, K. G. (2003) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.10080 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociations between children's socioeconomic status and prefrontal cortical thickness
Lawson, G. M., Duda, J., Avants, B., Wu, J., & Farah, M. J. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12096 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Genetics of white matter development: A DTI study of 705 twins and their siblings aged 12 to 29
Chiang, M.-C., McMahon, K. L., de Zubicaray, G. I., Martin, N. G., Hickie, I. B., Toga, A. W., Wright, M. J., & Thompson, P. M. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.015 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Raizada, R. D. S., Richards, T. L., Meltzoff, A., & Kuhl, P. K. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.021 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Enduring Effects of Prenatal and Infancy Home Visiting by Nurses on Children
Kitzman, H. J., Olds, D. L., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Anson, E. A., Arcoleo, K. J., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D., Henderson, C., & Holmberg, J. R. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.76 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and functional brain development – associations in early infancy
Tomalski, P., Moore, D. G., Ribeiro, H., Axelsson, E. L., Murphy, E., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Johnson, M. H., & Kushnerenko, E. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12079 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Perigenual anterior cingulate morphology covaries with perceived social standing
Gianaros, P. J., Horenstein, J. A., Cohen, S., Matthews, K. A., Brown, S. M., Flory, J. D., Critchley, H. D., Manuck, S. B., & Hariri, A. R. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm013 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Multimodal imaging of the self-regulating developing brain
Fjell, A. M., Walhovd, K. B., Brown, T. T., Kuperman, J. M., Chung, Y., Hagler, D. J., Venkatraman, V., Roddey, J. C., Erhart, M., McCabe, C., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208243109 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of social disparity on prefrontal function in childhood.
Sheridan, M. A., Sarsour, K., Jutte, D., D'Esposito, M., & Boyce, W. T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035744 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Folmer, R. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00001 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery: Results from a large normative developmental sample (PING).
Akshoomoff, N. A., Newman, E. R., Thompson, W. K., McCabe, C. J., Bloss, C. S., Chang, L., Amaral, D. G., Casey, B. J., Ernst, T. M., Frazier, J. A., et al. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000001 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationStaff, R. T., Murray, A. D., Ahearn, T. S., Mustafa, N., Fox, H. C., & Whalley, L. J. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22631 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Genetic influence on family socioeconomic status and children's intelligence
Trzaskowski, M., Harlaar, N., Arden, R., Krapohl, E., Rimfeld, K., McMillan, A., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.11.002 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
V. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): MEASURING WORKING MEMORY
Tulsky, D. S., Carlozzi, N. E., Chevalier, N., Espy, K. A., Beaumont, J. L., & Mungas, D. (2013) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12035 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Hippocampal volume varies with educational attainment across the life-span
Noble, K. G., Grieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Engelhardt, L. E., Griffith, E. Y., Williams, L. M., & Brickman, A. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00307 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationLANGE, N. D., Froimowitz, M. P., Bigler, E. D., Lainhart, J. E., & Brain Development Cooperative Group (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641003696833 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Noble, K. G., Korgaonkar, M. S., Grieve, S. M., & Brickman, A. M. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12077 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly childhood poverty, immune-mediated disease processes, and adult productivity
Ziol‐Guest, K. M., Duncan, G. J., Kalil, A., & Boyce, W. T. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1203167109 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effects of Differential Experience on the Brain and Behavior
Rosenzweig, M. R. (2003) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2003.9651909 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Language Networks in Children: Evidence from Functional MRI Studies
Vannest, J. J., Karunanayaka, P., Schmithorst, V. J., Szaflarski, J. P., & Holland, S. K. (2009) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.08.2246 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Grieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Clark, C. R., & Williams, L. M. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.087 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Correction: The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Children’s Brain Structure
Jednoróg, K., Altarelli, I., Monzalvo, K., Fluss, J., Dubois, J., Billard, C., Dehaene‐Lambertz, G., & Ramus, F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/47661de2-2c53-4396-9f88-06b5ad233566 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Bakken, T. E., Roddey, J. C., Djurovic, S., Akshoomoff, N. A., Amaral, D. G., Bloss, C. S., Casey, B. J., Chang, L., Ernst, T. M., Gruen, J. R., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1105829109 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Differential Experience on the Brain and Behavior
Rosenzweig, M. R. (2003) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn242&3_02 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course
Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., McCoy, D. C., Fink, G., Shawar, Y. R., Shiffman, J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31389-7 · Cited by 3,014 · see citing works
Recruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures
Garavan, H., Bartsch, H., Conway, K., Decastro, A., Goldstein, R. Z., Heeringa, S., Jernigan, T., Potter, A., Thompson, W., & Zahs, D. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.04.004 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
Self-citationPoverty, depression, and anxiety: Causal evidence and mechanisms
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay0214 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
Association of Child Poverty, Brain Development, and Academic Achievement
Hair, N. L., Hanson, J. L., Wolfe, B. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1475 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood
Gilmore, J. H., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Gao, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.1 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life
Nelson, C. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Burke Harris, N., Danese, A., & Samara, M. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3048 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
The neuroscience of socioeconomic status: Correlates, causes, and consequences
Farah, M. J. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.034 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain
Johnson, S. B., Riis, J. L., & Noble, K. G. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3075 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Self-citationPoverty, Stress, and Brain Development: New Directions for Prevention and Intervention
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2016) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.010 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Environmental influences on the pace of brain development
Tooley, U. A., Bassett, D. S., & Mackey, A. P. (2021) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00457-5 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Executive Function and Psychopathology: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective
Zelazo, P. D. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Treatment resistant depression: A multi-scale, systems biology approach
Akil, H., Gordon, J. A., Hen, R., Javitch, J. A., Mayberg, H. S., McEwen, B. S., Meaney, M. J., & Nestler, E. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.019 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Colich, N. L., Rosen, M. L., Williams, E. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000270 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Beyond stereotypes of adolescent risk taking: Placing the adolescent brain in developmental context
Römer, D., Reyna, V. F., & Satterthwaite, T. D. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.007 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Studying individual differences in human adolescent brain development
Foulkes, L., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0078-4 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Keterlibatan Orangtua dalam Pendampingan Belajar Anak selama Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Yulianingsih, W., Suhanadji, S., Nugroho, R., & Mustakim, M. (2020) · Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.31004/obsesi.v5i2.740 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Ellis, B. J., Sheridan, M. A., Belsky, J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001838 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Moving Beyond Correlations in Assessing the Consequences of Poverty
Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044224 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Immordino‐Yang, M. H., Darling‐Hammond, L., & Krone, C. R. (2019) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1633924 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
The impact of a poverty reduction intervention on infant brain activity
Troller-Renfree, S. V., Costanzo, M. A., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L. A., Yoshikawa, H., Halpern-Meekin, S., Fox, N. A., & Noble, K. G. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2115649119 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationSheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Finn, A. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001390 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Language Exposure Relates to Structural Neural Connectivity in Childhood
Romeo, R. R., Segaran, J., Leonard, J., Robinson, S. T., West, M. R., Mackey, A. P., Yendiki, A., Rowe, M. L., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0484-18.2018 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Lambert, H. K., King, K. M., Monahan, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000584 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Domingue, B. W., Belsky, D. W., Conley, D., Harris, K. M., & Boardman, J. D. (2015) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858415599972 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status, white matter, and executive function in children
Ursache, A., Noble, K. G., & the Pediatric Imaging, N. A. G. S. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.531 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationUrsache, A., & Noble, K. G. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12547 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationA canonical trajectory of executive function maturation from adolescence to adulthood
Tervo-Clemmens, B., Calabro, F. J., Parr, A. C., Fedor, J., Foran, W., & Luna, B. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42540-8 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Gur, R. E., Moore, T. M., Rosen, A. F. G., Barzilay, R., Roalf, D. R., Calkins, M. E., Ruparel, K., Scott, J. C., Almasy, L., Satterthwaite, T. D., et al. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0943 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Rosen, M. L., Hagen, M. P., Lurie, L. A., Miles, Z. E., Sheridan, M. A., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13315 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
The neurodevelopment of executive function skills: Implications for academic achievement gaps.
Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2020) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/pne0000208 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Kong, Y., Gao, W., & Mo, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01297 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Early nutrition influences developmental myelination and cognition in infants and young children
Deoni, S., Dean, D., Joelson, S., O’Regan, J., & Schneider, N. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.056 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The relationship between spatial configuration and functional connectivity of brain regions
Bijsterbosch, J. D., Woolrich, M. W., Glasser, M. F., Robinson, E. C., Beckmann, C. F., Essen, D. C. V., Harrison, S. J., & Smith, S. M. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.32992 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Taylor, R. L., Cooper, S. R., Jackson, J. J., & Barch, D. M. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23774 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Intelligence
Haier, R. J. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316105771 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Benavente‐Fernández, I., Synnes, A. R., GRUNAU, R. E., Chau, V., Ramraj, C., Glass, T. J. A., Cayam‐Rand, D., Siddiqi, A., & Miller, S. P. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2914 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Busso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000369 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Principles of plasticity in the developing brain
Kolb, B. E., Harker, A., & Gibb, R. L. (2017) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13546 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental origins of lifespan changes in brain and cognition
Walhovd, K. B., Krogsrud, S. K., Amlien, I. K., Bartsch, H., Bjørnerud, A., Due‐Tønnessen, P., Grydeland, H., Hagler, D. J., Haberg, A. K., Kremen, W. S., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1524259113 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationLinking interindividual variability in brain structure to behaviour
Genon, S., Eickhoff, S. B., & Masouleh, S. K. (2022) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00584-7 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and the brain: prospects for neuroscience-informed policy
Farah, M. J. (2018) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0023-2 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
McDermott, C. L., Seidlitz, J., Nadig, A., Liu, S., CLASEN, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., Reardon, P. K., Lalonde, F., GREENSTEIN, D. K., Patel, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1808-18.2018 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Rakesh, D., & Whittle, S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.027 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Black, M. M., Pérez‐Escamilla, R., & Rao, S. F. (2015) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.010348 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Sample composition alters associations between age and brain structure
LeWinn, K. Z., Sheridan, M. A., Keyes, K. M., Hamilton, A. D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00908-7 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Reducing neurodevelopmental disorders and disability through research and interventions
Boivin, M. J., Kakooza, A., Warf, B. C., Davidson, L. L., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16029 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The contribution of the gut microbiome to neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders
Warner, B. B. (2018) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-018-0191-9 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, A., Torsten Rohlfing, B., Pohl, K. M., Lane, B., Chu, W., Kwon, D., Nichols, B. N., Brown, S. A., Tapert, S. F., Cummins, K. M., et al. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv205 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning
Wade, M., Wright, L., & Finegold, K. E. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02001-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Duffee, J. H., Mendelsohn, A. L., Kuo, A. A., Legano, L. A., Earls, M. F., Chilton, L. A., Flanagan, P., Dilley, K. J., Green, A. E., Gutierrez, J. R., et al. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2150 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Association of Neighborhood-Level Disadvantage With Cerebral and Hippocampal Volume
Hunt, J. F. V., Buckingham, W. J., Kim, A. J., Oh, J. M., Vogt, N. M., Jonaitis, E. M., Hunt, T. K. A., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Powell, W. R., Norton, D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4501 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing
Gold, A. L., Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Busso, D. S., Lambert, H. K., Alves, S., Pine, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12630 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Association of lead-exposure risk and family income with childhood brain outcomes
Marshall, A. T., Betts, S., Kan, E. C., McConnell, R., Lanphear, B. P., & Sowell, E. R. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0713-y · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationRosen, M. L., Sheridan, M. A., Sambrook, K., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.043 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Rapid infant prefrontal cortex development and sensitivity to early environmental experience
Hodel, A. S. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Chan, M. Y., Na, J., Agres, P. F., Savalia, N. K., Park, D. C., & Wig, G. S. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1714021115 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Palacios‐Barrios, E. E., & Hanson, J. L. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.012 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Age-Related Differences in Cortical Thickness Vary by Socioeconomic Status
Piccolo, L. D. R., Merz, E. C., He, X., Sowell, E. R., Noble, K. G., & Pediatric Imaging, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162511 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Social Status Shapes Person Perception and Evaluation: A Social Neuroscience Perspective
Mattan, B. D., Kubota, J. T., & Cloutier, J. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616677828 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Childhood Stress and Adversity is Associated with Late-Life Dementia in Aboriginal Australians
Radford, K. A., Delbaere, K., Draper, B., Mack, H. A., Daylight, G., Cumming, R. G., Chalkley, S., Minogue, C., & Broe, G. A. (2017) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.05.008 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status, Amygdala Volume, and Internalizing Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
Merz, E. C., Tottenham, N., & Noble, K. G. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1326122 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationGuo, J., Yu, K., Dong, S., Yao, S., Rong, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, K., Jiang, F., Chen, Y.-X., Guo, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01174-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Merz, E. C., Maskus, E. A., Melvin, S. A., He, X., & Noble, K. G. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13239 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationBarch, D. M., Pagliaccio, D., Belden, A. C., Harms, M. P., Gaffrey, M. S., Sylvester, C. M., Tillman, R., & Luby, J. L. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15081014 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Dean, D. C., Planalp, E. M., Wooten, W., Kecskemeti, S. R., Adluru, N., Schmidt, C. K., Frye, C., Birn, R. M., Burghy, C. A., Schmidt, N. L., et al. (2018) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2132 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Seyedsalehi, A., Warrier, V., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Perry, B. I., Burgess, S., & Murray, G. K. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac392 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status, hair cortisol and internalizing symptoms in parents and children
Ursache, A., Merz, E. C., Melvin, S. A., Meyer, J. S., & Noble, K. G. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.020 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationShaefer, H. L., Collyer, S. M., Duncan, G. J., Edin, K. J., Garfinkel, I., Harris, D., Smeeding, T. M., Waldfogel, J., Wimer, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2018) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.2.02 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Li, J., Bzdok, D., Chen, J., Tam, A., Ooi, L. Q. R., Holmes, A. J., Ge, T., Patil, K. R., Jabbi, M., Eickhoff, S. B., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj1812 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Cheung, Y. T., Sabin, N. D., Reddick, W. E., Bhojwani, D., Liu, W., Brinkman, T. M., Glass, J. O., Hwang, S. N., Srivastava, D. K., Pui, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Haematology · doi:10.1016/s2352-3026(16)30110-7 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Piccolo, L. D. R., Arteche, A. X., Fonseca, R. P., Grassi‐Oliveira, R., & de Salles, J. F. (2016) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0016-x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Hartanto, A., Toh, W. X., & Yang, H. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13032 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Kraft, P., & Kraft, B. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.019 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Tomasi, D. G., & Volkow, N. D. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01130-0 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Rakesh, D., Whittle, S., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.011 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Justice and the Meritocratic State
Mulligan, T. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315270005 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Inequality and the Developing Brain: Spotlight on Language and Executive Function
Merz, E. C., Wiltshire, C. A., & Noble, K. G. (2018) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12305 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationDumornay, N. M., Lebois, L. A. M., Ressler, K. J., & Harnett, N. G. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21090961 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Reading Disability: Neuroanatomy and Plasticity in Response to Intervention
Romeo, R. R., Christodoulou, J. A., Halverson, K. K., Murtagh, J., Cyr, A. B., Schimmel, C., Chang, P., Hook, P. E., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx131 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Bush, N. R., Edgar, R. D., Park, M., MacIsaac, J. L., McEwen, L. M., Adler, N. E., Essex, M. J., Kobor, M. S., & Boyce, W. T. (2018) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2018-0042 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Winkler, A. M., Greve, D. N., Bjuland, K. J., Nichols, T. E., Sabuncu, M. R., Haberg, A. K., Skranes, J. S., & Rimol, L. M. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx308 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Rakesh, D., Zalesky, A., & Whittle, S. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101005 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Assessment of Parent Income and Education, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Child Brain Structure
Rakesh, D., Zalesky, A., & Whittle, S. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26208 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Neurobiological models of the impact of adversity on education
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.013 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Qiu, A., Shen, M., Buß, C., Chong, Y. S., Kwek, K. Y. C., Saw, S., Gluckman, P. D., Wadhwa, P. D., Entringer, S., Styner, M. A., et al. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx065 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Association of Neighborhood Context, Cognitive Decline, and Cortical Change in an Unimpaired Cohort
Hunt, J. F. V., Vogt, N. M., Jonaitis, E. M., Buckingham, W. R., Koscik, R. L., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Clark, L. R., Gleason, C. E., Yu, M., Okonkwo, O. C., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011918 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Stern, Y., & Barulli, D. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804766-8.00011-x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Environmental contributions to cognitive development: The role of cognitive stimulation
Rakesh, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., & Rosen, M. L. (2024) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2024.101135 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
de Zwarte, S. M. C., Brouwer, R. M., Agartz, I., Alda, M., Aleman, A., Alpert, K. I., Bearden, C. E., Bertolino, A., Bois, C., Bonvino, A., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.985 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Berthelsen, D. C., Hayes, N., White, S. L. J., & Williams, K. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00903 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral correlates of obesity are largely heritable
Vainik, U., Baker, T. E., Dadar, M., Zeighami, Y., Michaud, A., Zhang, Y., Alanis, J. C. G., Mišić, B., Collins, D. L., & Dagher, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1718206115 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hackman, D. A., Cserbik, D., Chen, J.-C., Berhane, K., Minaravesh, B., McConnell, R., & Herting, M. M. (2021) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0426 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hyde, L. W., Gard, A. M., Tomlinson, R. C., Burt, S. A., Mitchell, C. M., & Monk, C. S. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000741 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Lurie, L. A., Hagen, M. P., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Meltzoff, A. N., & Rosen, M. L. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101045 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Regional Brain Growth Trajectories in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Disease
Rollins, C. K., Ortinau, C. M., Stopp, C. D., Friedman, K. G., Tworetzky, W., Gagoski, B. A., Velasco‐Annis, C., Afacan, O., Vasung, L., Beaute, J. I., et al. (2020) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25940 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Moberget, T., Alnæs, D., Kaufmann, T., Doan, N. T., Córdova-Palomera, A., Norbom, L., Rokicki, J., van der Meer, D., Andreassen, O., & Westlye, L. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.019 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Noble, K. G., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L. A., Duncan, G. J., Yoshikawa, H., Fox, N. A., & Halpern‐Meekin, S. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-049702 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationFinn, A. S., Minas, J. E., Leonard, J., Mackey, A. P., Salvatore, J., Goetz, C., West, M. R., Gabrieli, C. F. O., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12450 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and brain structure in children and adolescents
Merz, E. C., He, X., & Noble, K. G. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.020 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuroscience of socioeconomic inequality
Noble, K. G., & Giebler, M. A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.05.007 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Brito, N. H., Bartsch, H., Kan, E., Kuperman, J. M., Akshoomoff, N., Amaral, D. G., Bloss, C. S., Libiger, O., Schork, N. J., Murray, S. S., Casey, B. J., Chang, L., Ernst, T. M., Frazier, J. A., Gruen, J. R., Kennedy, D. N., Van Zijl, P., Mostofsky, S., Kaufmann, W. E., Kenet, T., Dale, A. M., Jernigan, T. L., & Sowell, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- California Sea Grant (US)
- J. Craig Venter Institute (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Noble, Kimberly G
- Sowell, Elizabeth R
- ORCID
- Noble, Kimberly G
- Brito, Natalie H
- Bartsch, Hauke
- Kan, Eric
- Kuperman, Joshua M
- Akshoomoff, Natacha
- Amaral, David G
- Bloss, Cinnamon S
- Schork, Nicholas J
- Murray, Sarah S
- Casey, B J
- Chang, Linda
- Frazier, Jean A
- Gruen, Jeffrey R
- Kennedy, David N
- Mostofsky, Stewart
- Kaufmann, Walter E
- Kenet, Tal
- Dale, Anders M
- Jernigan, Terry L
- Sowell, Elizabeth R
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-03-30
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 773-778
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC4414816
- OpenAlex
- W2098605272
- Cited by
- 1,423
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 99 · 2015: 36
- FWCI
- 186.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH087563, R01MH083320)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (RC2DA029475)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD079123, R01HD061414, L40 HD077610, R01HD053893)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- household income, parental education, socioeconomic status, brain surface area, brain morphometry, cognitive development, executive function, socioeconomic disparities, children and adolescents, spatial ability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Age Factors, Anthropometry, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, DNA, Educational Status, Genotype, Hippocampus, Humans, Income, Models, Neurological, Organ Size, Parents, Poverty, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
