Exosomes as a next-generation drug delivery system: An update on drug loading approaches, characterization, and clinical application challenges
Abstract
Exosomes are small nanoparticles secreted by almost all cells and have a well-known role in intercellular communication. They are found in different body fluids and can also be isolated from cell culture media. They contain a natural cargo including various protein and nucleic acid molecules originated from their donor cells. In recent years, exosomes have emerged as a desired drug delivery system. They are believed to provide a targeted delivery of drug molecules, supplemented with their natural function. Furthermore, they have a membranous structure similar to liposomes, and that motivated researchers to apply their previous experience of drug loading into liposomes for exosomes. Herein, we discuss applied methods for the encapsulation of different drugs into exosomes, parameters affecting the incorporation of drug molecules into exosomes, characterization techniques, recent achievements, commercialization challenges and the potential future developments of exosomal drugs. Overall, while the application of exosomes as a drug delivery system is still in its infancy, they are considered to be a new class of natural nanocarriers with great potential for clinical application. Understanding of their key formulation parameters, pharmaceutical properties, in vivo behavior and applicable scale-up production will pave their way to the market. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Details of loading methods, characterization and biopharmaceutical properties of drug-incorporated exosomes are presented. Most parameters affecting encapsulation of drugs into exosomes are mentioned to serve as a guide for future studies in this field. Moreover, challenges on the way of exosomes to the market and clinic are described.
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Cargo biological component is fulfilled in exosomes through incubation, sonication, freeze-thaw cycling, extrusion, and electroporation once extracted from donor cells.
“Thus far, the cargo biological component is fulfilled in exosomes through incubation, sonication, freeze-thaw cycling, extrusion, and electroporation once extracted from the donor cells [22].”
From The Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Significance of Exosomes as Carriers of Drug Delivery System (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Mehryab, F., Rabbani, S., Shahhosseini, S., Shekari, F., Fatahi, Y., Baharvand, H., & Haeri, A.
- Affiliations
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Tehran Heart Center (IR)
- Royan Institute (IR)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- University of Science and Culture (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Haeri, Azadeh
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Biomaterialia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 113
- Pages
- 42-62
- ISSN
- 1742-7061 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3040213948
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Biomaterialia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- exosomes, drug delivery systems, exosome characterization, exosome therapy, nanocarriers, commercialization challenges, scale-up production, clinical translation
- MeSH terms
- Cell Communication, Liposomes, Drug Delivery Systems, Nanoparticles, Exosomes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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