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Age differences in executive functioning across the lifespan: The role of verbalization in task preparation
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Age-related changes in executive functioning across the lifespan were assessed in children (mean age=9.4 years), younger adults (mean age=21.5 years), and older adults (mean age=65.3 years). Executive functioning was investigated with a task-switching paradigm that permits the separation of two control components: to select and to switch between task sets. The specific aims of this study were (a) to determine developmental functions in both control components across the lifespan; and (b) to examine whether age-related changes in these components are influenced by verbal prompts during task preparation. The results revealed an inverted u-shaped developmental function for the ability to select between task sets but not for the ability to switch between task sets. In contrast to younger adults and children, older adults generally benefited from verbalizations during task preparation. Children, but not older adults, showed a facilitation of task execution when verbal prompts were task-compatible. Conversely, older adults, but not children, showed stronger interference when verbal prompts are task-incompatible. Our findings suggest that inner speech in an important modulator of developmental changes in executive functioning across the lifespan.
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Limited Effects of Set Shifting Training in Healthy Older Adults
Grönholm-Nyman, P., Soveri, A., Rinne, J. O., Emilia, E., Nyholm, A., Neely, A. S., & Laine, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00069 · Cited by 34
“All three functions, including the third one that is at the focus of the present study, have been found to decline with older age (Cepeda et al., 2001; Kray et al., 2004; Zelazo et al., 2004).”
BackgroundTask switching in mild cognitive impairment: Switch and nonswitch costs
Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M., & Sanders, C. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708090140 · Cited by 32
“Nonswitch costs are thought to measure the requirement of keeping two task sets active in working memory and selecting between them (Keele & Rafal, 2000 ; Kray et al., 2002 , 2004 ).”
BackgroundKray, J., Karbach, J., & Blaye, A. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.03.005 · Cited by 32
Self-citationAge Differences in Processes Underlying Hindsight Bias: A Life-Span Study
Pohl, R., Bayen, U., Arnold, N. R., Auer, T., & Martin, C. (2018) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2018.1476356 · Cited by 16
Hannes Rakoczy, B., Wandt, R., Thomas, S., Nowak, J., & Kunzmann, U. (2017) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12246 · Cited by 36
Khoury, J. E., & Milligan, K. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715622016 · Cited by 30
Temporal dynamics of age-related differences in auditory incidental verbal learning
Aine, C. J., Adair, J. C., Knoefel, J. E., Hudson, D., Qualls, C., Kovačević, S., Woodruff, C. C., Cobb, W., Padilla, D., Lee, R. R., et al. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.10.024 · Cited by 30
Task practice differentially modulates task-switching performance across the adult lifespan
Whitson, L., Karayanidis, F., & Michie, P. T. (2011) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.09.004 · Cited by 33
Lemaire, P., & Brun, F. (2013) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0501-0 · Cited by 28
“…to be less efficient than those of older children (e.g., Carlson et al., 2005; Davidson et al., 2006; Huizinga et al., 2006; Karbach & Kray, 2007; Kray et al., 2004; Zelazo et al., 2004; see recent review by Diamond, 2013), to trigger and execute to completion inhibition and switching processes,…”
BackgroundInfluentialAltikriti, S. (2020) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854820942280 · Cited by 32
Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for increased cognitive flexibility in late childhood
Wolff, N., Roessner, V., & Beste, C. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep28954 · Cited by 26
Resource‐rational approach to meta‐control problems across the lifespan
Ruel, A., Devine, S., & Eppinger, B. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1556 · Cited by 26
Investigating task inhibition in children versus adults: A diffusion model analysis
Schuch, S., & Konrad, K. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.012 · Cited by 25
The role of spatial information in advance task‐set control: an event‐related potential study
Astle, D. E., Jackson, G. M., & Swainson, R. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06439.x · Cited by 26
“Subvocal rehearsal is often posited as a main component of effective advance task-set preparation (e.g. Emerson & Miyake, 2003; Goschke, 2000; Kray et al., 2004; Miyake et al., 2004).”
BackgroundBoutet, I., Milgram, N. W., & Freedman, M. (2007) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.121.3.270 · Cited by 25
Learning in anticipation of reward and punishment: perspectives across the human lifespan
Betts, M. J., Richter, A., de Boer, L., Tegelbeckers, J., Perosa, V., Baumann, V., Chowdhury, R., Dolan, R. J., Seidenbecher, C. I., Schott, B. H., et al. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.08.011 · Cited by 24
Huizinga, M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.004 · Cited by 25
“Alternatively, it should be noted that Crone and colleagues performed their analyses on mean RT, whereas in the current study RTs were nlog transformed to acknowledge baseline differences in the speed of performance across age groups (e.g., Kray et al., 2004).”
BackgroundReconfiguration and the bottleneck: Does task switching affect the refractory period effect?
Band, G. P. H., & van Nes, F. T. (2006) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440500423244 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Kray, J., Eber, J., & Lindenberger, U.
- Affiliations
- Saarland University (DE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kray, Jutta
- Venue
- Acta Psychologica
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 143-165
- ISSN
- 0001-6918 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2102033360
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- executive function, age differences, lifespan development, task switching, verbal prompts, verbalization, inner speech, older adults, children
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Child, Cues, Female, Humans, Human Development, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Verbal Behavior
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