Age-group differences in set-switching and set-maintenance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.
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This study examined developmental change in set-switching and set-maintenance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), and sought to determine how executive function (EF) components (i.e., Working Memory, Shifting and Inhibition) may contribute to the observed changes on WCST performance. To this end, performance in four age groups (7-year-olds, 11-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 21-year-olds) was measured on the WCST, and on three EF tasks assumed to tap Working Memory, Shifting, and Inhibition. The results showed that adult levels of performance were reached in 11-year-olds for set-switching, and in 15-year-olds for set-maintenance. A subsequent principal component analysis revealed that set-switching and set-maintenance loaded on two factors for 7-year-olds, but a single factor in the other age groups. Finally, regression analyses yielded a complex pattern of results concerning the prediction of set-switching and set-maintenance by the performance on tasks used to assess the EF components. The results were interpreted to suggest distinct developmental trends in set-switching and set-maintenance abilities required by the WCST.
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Two components of task shifting-the ability to switch from one rule to another and the ability to maintain and select two or more rules-follow different developmental time courses.
“Several studies have consistently shown that two components of task shifting – the ability to switch from one rule to another rule (i.e., switching per se) and the ability to maintain and select two (or more) rules – follow different developmental time courses (e.g., Crone et al., 2004, 2006; Kray et al., 2004, 2008, 2012; Huizinga and van der Molen, 2007; Karbach and Kray, 2007).”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Huizinga and van der Molen, 2007
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- Authors
- Huizinga, M., & van der Molen, M. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Amsterdam
- ORCID
- Huizinga, Mariëtte
- Venue
- Developmental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-03-15
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 193-215
- ISSN
- 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-5641
- OpenAlex
- W2100082623
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- handle.uba.uva.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- set switching, set maintenance, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, executive function, cognitive development, working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, age differences, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Child, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Reaction Time, Set, Psychology, Wechsler Scales
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