Behavioral Priming: It’s all in the Mind, but whose Mind?
Open accessAbstract
The perspective that behavior is often driven by unconscious determinants has become widespread in social psychology. Bargh, Chen, and Burrows' (1996) famous study, in which participants unwittingly exposed to the stereotype of age walked slower when exiting the laboratory, was instrumental in defining this perspective. Here, we present two experiments aimed at replicating the original study. Despite the use of automated timing methods and a larger sample, our first experiment failed to show priming. Our second experiment was aimed at manipulating the beliefs of the experimenters: Half were led to think that participants would walk slower when primed congruently, and the other half was led to expect the opposite. Strikingly, we obtained a walking speed effect, but only when experimenters believed participants would indeed walk slower. This suggests that both priming and experimenters' expectations are instrumental in explaining the walking speed effect. Further, debriefing was suggestive of awareness of the primes. We conclude that unconscious behavioral priming is real, while real, involves mechanisms different from those typically assumed to cause the effect.
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Doyen and colleagues failed to find any significant results when using a double-blind procedure in a replication of a priming experiment.
“When Doyen and colleagues49 attempted to replicate a previous experiment suggesting that priming participants with age-related stereotypes had an effect on walking speed50, they failed to find any significant results when using a double-blind procedure (prior studies were not blinded).”
From The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
Experiment 1 Methods describes blind assignment and keeping experimenters unaware of participants’ conditions; Experiment 1 Results reports no significant difference in walking speed between the primed and unprimed groups. The parenthetical overstates the comparison: the Introduction says the original study’s hallway timer was blinded, although it reports no comparable precaution for the experimenter who administered the task. “Any significant results” is also too broad, since Experiment 1 reports a significant result on a separate awareness measure. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn experimenter who knows the participants' condition may unintentionally act differently so that participants' behavior may be altered to confirm the researcher's hypothesis.
“As demonstrated by Doyen et al. [25] the experimenter who knows the participants’ condition may unintentionally act differently so that participants’ behavior may be altered to confirm the researcher’s hypothesis.”
From Failed Replication of Oxytocin Effects on Trust: The Envelope Task Case (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
The use of single blind studies introduces the risk that the experimenter might unconsciously influence subjects.
“The use of single blind studies, where the subject is blind to the treatment condition but the experimenter is not, introduces the risk that the experimenter might unconsciously influence the subjects (37).”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [37]
When making some experimenters believe that priming participants with age-related stereotypes would slow them down, this had a significant effect, but only in those experimenters that were made to believe in the stereotypes.
“They further showed that when making some experimenters believe that priming participants with age-related stereotypes would slow them down, this indeed had a significant effect, but only in those experimenters that were made to believe in the stereotypes.”
From The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
Recent work indicates that experimenter biases are not a thing of the past.
“Recent work indicates that experimenter biases are not a thing of the past.”
From The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Doyen, S., Klein, O., Pichon, C.-L., & Cleeremans, A.
- Affiliations
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Doyen, Stéphane
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-01-18
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e29081
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3261136
- OpenAlex
- W2047874726
- Cited by
- 670
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 179.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- behavioral priming, unconscious priming, replication failure, walking speed, age stereotypes, expectancy effects, debriefing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Awareness, Behavior, Humans, Psychology, Social, Psychomotor Performance, Unconscious, Psychology, Word Association Tests, Walking, Young Adult
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