Concepts of agricultural marginal lands and their utilisation: a review

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Most research investigates marginal lands from the viewpoint of agricultural or arable land use.

“Most of the researches investigate marginal lands from the viewpoint of agricultural -or just arable -land use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many researchers and authors have defined the term marginal land over the last 200 years.

“As presented in the previous chapter, many researchers and authors have defined the term marginal land over the last 200 years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some researchers use only economic parameters, some use only biophysical, and some use both.

“There are several types of these parameters, and some researcher use only economic, some use only biophysical and some use both.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Many authors have only defined marginal land in general terms while others have linked the delimitation of these lands to specific parameters.

“Many authors have only defined this phrase in general terms while others have linked the delimitation of these lands to specific parameters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Much of the areas currently considered marginal could be removed from this category if used more efficiently.

“much of the areas currently considered as marginal could sort out from this category if used more efficiently”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Marginal land definitions depend on the spatial scale and the regional conditions.

“Marginal lands are depending on the spatial scale and the regional conditions.”

May combine two claims.

Some affected areas are not only low in productivity but also have limits that prevent them from being used for traditional agricultural operations.

“Some of the affected areas are not only low in productivity, but also have limits that prevent them from being used for traditional agricultural operations (Hart, 2001;Jones et al., 2014;Schubert et al., 2008).”

• cites Hart, 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Jones et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Schubert et al., 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Physical and production marginality of lands are commonly used by soil scientists.

“Physical and production marginality of lands are commonly used by soil scientists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Marginal lands are dynamic both in time and space.

“Marginal lands are dynamic both in time and space.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These lands can be classified as Less Favoured Areas, which can be translated as marginal land.

“These lands can be classified as Less Favoured Areas, which can be translated as marginal land (Confalonieri et al., 2014;Jones et al., 2014)”

• cites Confalonieri et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Jones et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To meet projected food demand in 2050, an additional 0.2 to 1 billion ha of agricultural land may be required.

“To meet projected food demand in 2050, an additional 0.2 to 1 billion ha of agricultural land may be required (Tilman et al., 2011).”

• cites Tilman et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Forest and grassland are land use types that very often take place on marginal lands and in many cases could be used as croplands.

“However, forest and grassland are land use types which very often take place on marginal lands and in many cases, they could be used as croplands.”

May combine two claims.

Due to environmental and mostly human impact, prime land can be degraded to marginal land or unproductive land, but marginal lands (or some unproductive lands) can be turned into productive land by appropriate land management or targeted amelioration.

“due to environmental and mostly human impact, a prime land can be degraded to marginal land or unproductive land, but the marginal lands (or some cases unproductive lands) can be turned into productive land by appropriate land management or targeted amelioration (Kang et al., 2013;WOCAT, 2022)”

• cites Kang et al., 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites WOCAT, 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Marginal land can be turned suitable for the objective of the use.

“Marginal land can be turned suitable for the objective of the use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The term marginal land appears in the early 19th century in Ricardo's Theory of Rent.

“The term of marginal land shows up in the early 19th century in the Theory of Rent from Ricardo, D. (Ricardo, 1817).”

• cites Ricardo, 1817Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The categorisation of lands into prime land, marginal land or unproductive land often depends just on the management or cultivation type of the land.

“The categorisation of lands into prime land, marginal land or unproductive land is often depends just on the management or cultivation type of the land.”

May combine two claims.

Grazing with livestock actively helps to store carbon and to maximise use of marginal land and resources.

“Grazing with livestock actively helping to store carbon and to maximise use of marginal land and resources too (Garnett, 2009).”

• cites Garnett, 2009 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Defining marginal land is a complex task that may not be limited to the biophysical quality of the land.

“Defining marginal land is a complex task, which may not be limited to the biophysical quality of the land.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Peterson and Galbraith (1932) began to develop a new theory of marginal land types in detail in the context of a new, modern land use planning concept.

“Peterson and Galbraith, 1932 began to develop a new theory of marginal land types in detail in the context of a new, modern land use planning concept.”

• cites Peterson and Galbraith, 1932Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Defining marginal land is a complex task with a need to consider a series of land quality criteria.

“Defining marginal land is a complex task, with a need to consider a series of land quality criteria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Qualitative systems group land based on specific land-use objectives and taking into account constraints.

“Qualitative systems group land based on specific land-use objectives and taking into account constraints (Dumanski and Onofrei, 1989;Sanchez et al., 1982).”

• cites Dumanski and Onofrei, 1989Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Sanchez et al., 1982 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As James (2010) stated, marginal land is thought to be land that isn't being used for current production needs or is of such poor quality that it is unsuitable for modern intensive cropping systems.

“As James (2010) stated, marginal land is thought to be land that isn't being used for current production needs or is of such poor quality that it is unsuitable for modern intensive cropping systems.”

• cites James (2010)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marginal lands have been defined in Europe as land uses that are on the margin of economic viability.

“Marginal lands have been defined, on the one hand, in Europe as land uses that are on the margin of economic viability (Strijker, 2005).”

• cites Strijker, 2005 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Development of land evaluation systems based on biophysical conditions started in the 20th century.

“Development of land evaluation systems based on biophysical conditions have been started in the 20th century”

• cites Bouma, 1989Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Burrough, 1989 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Doran et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bünemann et al. (2018) characterised soil quality concepts as having a continuous change.

“Bünemann et al. (2018) in their comprehensive review characterised soil quality concepts as having a continuous change.”

• cites Bünemann et al. (2018) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From 2010 the main objectives of soil quality assessment were multi-functionality, ecosystem services, resistance and resilience analysis with high-throughput methods.

“From 2010 the main objectives were the multi-functionality, ecosystem services, resistance and resilience analysis with high-throughput methods.”

• cites Bünemann et al. (2018) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Soil scientists frequently use physical marginality and production marginality of lands based on soil suitability and other limitations of land use.

“On the other hand, soil scientists frequently use physical marginality and production marginality of lands based on soil suitability and other limitations of land use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Descriptive, qualitative systems usually provide quick but general answers about productivity potential.

“Descriptive, qualitative systems usually provide quick but general answers about productivity potential.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Burrough (1989), land evaluation models can be divided into three groups: empirical models, deterministic models and stochastic models.

“According to Burrough (1989), land evaluation models can be divided into three groups: empirical models, deterministic models and stochastic models.”

• cites Burrough (1989) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

With the assessment of constraints and their weight in the success of agricultural production, marginal land can be distinguished from prime land.

“With the assessment of these constraints and their weight in the success of agricultural production, marginal land can be distinguished from prime land.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Remote sensing is useful for identifying low-productivity land based on lands' biophysical characteristics.

“Although remote sensing is useful for identifying low-productivity land based on lands' biophysical characteristics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Economic marginality requires a much more flexible and dynamic characterization of all the social and economic factors that motivate rural policymakers to allocate their land to specific use.

“Since economic marginality requires a much more flexible and dynamic characterization of all the social and economic factors that motivate the rural policymakers to allocate their land to specific use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Esch et al. (2021, 2018) analysed the suitability of marginal lands for crop production in Canada.

“Esch et al. (2021Esch et al. ( , 2018) ) analysed the suitability of marginal lands for crop production in Canada.”

• cites Esch et al. (2021, 2018)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The main factors that limit crop production are insufficient climate, shallow topsoil, poor water management, over-watering, high salinity, erosion, steep slopes.

“The main factors that limit crop production are insufficient climate, shallow topsoil, poor water management, over-watering, high salinity, erosion, steep slopes (Da La Rosa and Magaldi, 1982;Haans and Heide, 1984;Klingebiel and Montgomery, 1961;Magaldi and Ronchetti, 1984).”

• cites Da La Rosa and Magaldi, 1982Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Haans and Heide, 1984Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery, 1961Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Land evaluation methods can be qualitative, quantitative or a combination of the two in terms of land fertility.

“Land evaluation methods can be qualitative, quantitative or a combination of the two in terms of land fertility (Bouma, 1989).”

• cites Bouma, 1989Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Land evaluation is a key tool to categorise lands into prime, marginal or unproductive.

“Land evaluation is a key tool to categorise that.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Soil quality assessment is one of the key components of land evaluation systems.

“Soil quality assessment is one of the key components of the land evaluation systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Between 1970 and 1990 estimation of productivity levels remained the main objective for which soil quality indicators have been used.

“Between 1970 and 1990 estimation of productivity levels remain the main objective for which soil quality indicators have been used.”

• cites Bünemann et al. (2018) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Khanna et al. (2021), marginal land definition for bioenergy is likely to encompass land that is biophysically poor and land that is currently idle/fallow, as well as land that is in crop production but losing soil organic matter, suffering from erosion or high nutrient run-off, or foregoing significant habitat value.

“marginal land definition for bioenergy is likely to encompass land that is biophysically poor and land that is currently idle/fallow (economically marginal land for food crops), as well as land that is in crop production but losing soil organic matter, suffering from erosion or high nutrient run-off, or foregoing significant habitat value (socially marginal land for food crops) (Khanna et al., 202”

• cites Khanna et al., 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Deterministic models are based on well-known physical and chemical processes and their underlying physical rules.

“Deterministic models (or deterministic process models) are based on well-known physical and chemical processes and their underlying physical rules.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Quantitative land evaluation systems based on biophysical properties do not simply classify soils according to their suitability for crop production, but also describe the level of fertility with a relative value.

“Quantitative land evaluation systems, which are based on biophysical properties do not simply classify soils according to their suitability for crop production, but also describe the level of fertility, with a relative value.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The combination of descriptive and quantitative models provides a means that also takes into account the factors that play a role in achieving a given yield level.

“the combination of the two models provides a means of that also takes into account the factors that play a role in achieving a given yield level.”

May combine two claims.

Bioenergy can have a double impact on marginal land, energy production and feed for livestock.

“Bioenergy can have a double impact on marginal land, energy production and feed for livestock (Helliwell, 2018;Mooney et al., 2015;Muscat et al., 2022).”

• cites Helliwell, 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Mooney et al., 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Muscat et al., 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to James (2010), biomass grown on marginal lands has the potential to be carbon neutral or even negative.

“According to the study of James (2010), biomass grown on marginal lands has the potential to be carbon neutral or even negative.”

• cites James (2010)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Relying on the theory of qualitative classification, soils are grouped according to the similarity of limiting factors or constraints, the approach taken by many Western land evaluation systems.

“Relying on the theory of qualitative classification, it groups soils according to the similarity of limiting factors or constraints, the approach taken by many Western land evaluation systems (Klingebiel and Montgomery, 1961;Sanchez et al., 1982;Sys, 1985).”

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery, 1961Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Sanchez et al., 1982 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Sys, 1985Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Factors and their weights determining soil quality are obtained from the results of differential calculations describing the processes.

“Factors and their weights determining soil quality are obtained from the results of differential calculations describing the processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If an average behaviour can be described by a well-defined stochastic process, then the output of the model is a parameter that describes the whole process with a feasible value.

“If an “average” behaviour can be described by a well-defined stochastic process, then the output of the model is a parameter that describes the whole process with a feasible value (Bouma and van Lanen, 1987).”

• cites Bouma and van Lanen, 1987Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Threshold models use the extreme values of diagnostic properties to determine output values.

“Threshold models use the extreme values of diagnostic properties to determine output values (Johnson et al., 1994).”

• cites Johnson et al., 1994 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marginal lands can be used as an important starting point for assessing geographically explicit suitability for crop production.

“Marginal lands can be used as an important starting point for assessing geographically explicit suitability for crop production.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Schroers (2006), marginal land is an area where cost effective production is not possible because of factors like soil quality or land use policies.

“According to Schroers (2006) marginal land is an area where cost effective production is not possible because of factors like soil quality or land use policies.”

• cites Schroers (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Land is economically marginal if the combination of yields and prices barely cover the cost of production.

“Land is economically marginal if the combination of yields and prices barely cover the cost of production.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Dale et al. (2010), marginal land is a relative term which can vary by countries, organization and land use purpose.

“According to Dale et al. (2010) marginal land is a relative term which can vary by countries, organization and land use purpose.”

• cites Dale et al. (2010)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Such lands have the potential to produce biomass without displacing traditional crops.

“Such lands have the potential to produce biomass without displacing traditional crops.”

• cites James (2010)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Quantitative, qualitative and hybrid land evaluation systems can be static or dynamic.

“Quantitative, qualitative and hybrid land evaluation systems can be static or dynamic (Van Lanen et al., 1992).”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 1992 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Klingebiel and Montgomery's classification, soils in classes 5 to 7 are only suitable for cultivation of adapted indigenous plant species, while class 8 is not suitable for agricultural production.

“Soils in classes 5 to 7 are only suitable for the cultivation of adapted indigenous plant species, while the lowest class, class 8, is not suitable for agricultural production.”

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the EU Joint Research Centre criteria, slope of the land is bigger than 15%.

“Slope of the land is bigger than 15%.”

• cites Jones et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karmanov and Friyev (1985) use the Soil Ecological Index (SEI) to express the soil productivity potential.

“Karmanov and Friyev (1985) use the so-called Soil Ecological Index (SEI) to express the soil productivity potential.”

• cites Karmanov and Friyev (1985)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In China the use of prime land to produce bioenergy is not allowed, therefore wasteland and paddy lands (natural grassland, sparse forestland, scrubland and unused land), described as marginal lands, are used to grow energy crops.

“In China the use of prime land to produce bioenergy is not allowed, therefore wasteland and paddy lands (natural grassland, sparse forestland, scrubland and unused land), which are described as marginal lands are used to grow energy crops (Zhang et al., 2012).”

• cites Zhang et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Today's researchers are mostly interested in the production of biomass on marginal land, but there is also a strong focus on management and the special characteristics of these lands.

“Based on these terms we can state that todays researchers mostly interested in the production of biomass on marginal land, but there is also a strong focus on management and the special characteristics of these lands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Land can be marginal if land use includes idle and fallow cropland or conservation reserve program land.

“Land can be marginal if land use includes idle and fallow cropland or conservation reserve program land.”

• cites Gopalakrishnan et al. (2011) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Marginal lands are the reverse of prime farmland, and are limited by inherent soil characteristics.

“Marginal lands are the reverse of prime farmland, and are limited by inherent soil characteristics.”

• cites USDA-NRCS, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961) determined four types of limitations and hazards as subclasses: erosion hazard, wetness, rooting zone limitation and climate.

“As subclasses they determinate four type of limitations and hazards: erosion hazard, wetness, rooting zone limitation and climate.”

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tógyer (2012) shows the Hungarian Agricultural Research Institute's yield-base method, which is an economic point of view calculation.

“Tógyer (2012) shows the Hungarian Agricultural Research Institute's yield-base method, which is an economic point of view calculation.”

• cites Tógyer (2012)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The EU Common Agricultural Policy for 2014-2020 required the identification of areas facing natural constraints, called Less Favoured Areas, which can be interpreted as marginal land.

“The EU Common Agricultural Policy for the period 2014-2020 required the identification of areas which facing natural constraints.These areas called Less Favoured Areas and it can be interpreted as marginal land (Confalonieri et al., 2014;Jones et al., 2014).”

• cites Confalonieri et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Jones et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In general, studies on marginal land are based on the economic and environmental characteristics of the land.

“In general, these studies are based on the economic and environmental characteristics of the land.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Marginal lands are areas that are not only low in production but also have constraints that make them unsuitable for agricultural practices.

“Marginal lands are areas that are not only low in production but also have constraints that make them unsuitable for agricultural practices (Hart, 2001;Jones et al., 2014;Schubert et al., 2008).”

• cites Hart, 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Jones et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Schubert et al., 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The inadequate use of marginal land can have many negative consequences, such as wind erosion, nitrate enrichment in groundwater, loss of biodiversity, soil structure degradation.

“The inadequate use of marginal land can have many negative consequences, such as wind erosion, nitrate enrichment in groundwater, loss of biodiversity (flora, fauna), soil structure degradation, etc. (Bertzky et al., 2011;Bindraban et al., 2009;Csikos et al., 2019;Duttmann et al., 2014;Immerzeel et al., 2014;Plieninger and Gaertner, 2011).”

• cites Bertzky et al., 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Bindraban et al., 2009 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Csikos et al., 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another criteria set from the Joint Research Centre contains sub-severe thresholds proposed by the expert.

“Another criteria set from the Joint Research Centre contains sub-severe thresholds proposed by the expert (Confalonieri et al., 2014).”

• cites Confalonieri et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One advantage of Klingebiel and Montgomery's classification is the ability to classify land according to its management functions and potential, which can be used to decide on final land use in the context of available agrotechnology/technology.

“One of the advantages of the above classification, in addition to assessing the suitability of the land for crop production, is the ability to classify the land according to its management functions and potential, which can be used to decide on the final use of the land in the context of the available agrotechnology/technology.”

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the FAO (1993) framework, marginally suitable groups are based on growing period <210 days, evapotranspiration >0.55, poor soil drainage, water table depth <50 cm, pH <4 or >8, CEC 0-20 cm <6 meq%, base saturation <20%, and EC of saturation extract >9.

“Marginally suitable groups are based on the followings: growing period <210 days, Evapotranspiration >0.55 1-ETa/ETm, soil drainage poor, water table depth < 50 cm, pH < 4 or > 8, CEC 0-20 cm < 6 meq%, base saturation < 20%, EC of saturation extract >9.”

• cites FAO (1993)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The SEI methodology was adopted by Sisov et al. (1991) with indices corrected according to crop requirements, with different rates for different soil types and climatic conditions, to calculate the productivity value.

“The methodology was adopted by Sisov et al. (1991) with the indices corrected according to crop requirements, with different rates for different soil types and climatic conditions, to calculate the productivity value.”

• cites Sisov et al. (1991)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Milbrandt and Overend (2008) in the APEC Energy Working Group declared marginal lands based on biophysical parameters including bare or herbaceous areas, moderate (8-16%) and steep slope (16-30%), shallow soil (<50 cm), poorly drained soils, low or moderate natural fertility, coarse or sandy soil, soils with heavy cracking clays, salt-affected soils, soils with gypsic horizon, acid soils (pH <5.5,

“Milbrandt and Overend (2008) in the Energy Working Group of APEC declared marginal lands based on biophysical parameters including bare or herbaceous areas, moderate (8-16%) and steep slope (16-30%), shallow soil (<50 cm), poorly drained soils, low or moderate natural fertility, coarse or sandy soil, soils with heavy cracking clays (vertisols and vertic sub-groups), salt-affected soils (Solonchaks”

• cites Milbrandt and Overend (2008)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961) established eight further classes, and from class I to class VIII the risk of soil limitation became greater.

“They established eight further classes and class I to class VIII the risk of soil limitation became greater.”

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The EU Joint Research Centre criteria include growing period days ≤180, thermal time ≤1500°-days, dryness P/PET ≤0.5, soil moisture excess days more than 230, wet within 80 cm (6 months) or 40 cm (11 months), coarse material ≥15% or half or more in 100 cm is sand or loamy sand or heavy clay (≥60%) or organic soil in 40 cm or top soil contains ≥30% clay, rooting depth ≤30 cm, salinity ≥4 dS/m or s

“Criteria are the followings: growing period days ≤180, thermal time ≤ 1500 • -days, dryness P/PET ≤0.5, soil moisture excess days more then 230, wet within 80 cm (6 moths) or 40 cm (11 months), coarse material ≥15% or half or more in 100 cm is sand or loamy sand or heavy clay (≥60%) or organic soil in 40 cm or top soil contains ≥30% clay, rooting depth ≤ 30 cm, salinity ≥4 dS/m or sodicity ≥6 ESP”

• cites Jones et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cai et al. (2011) published a paper on world-wide land availability for biofuel production based on low resolution global datasets.

“Cai et al. (2011) published a paper on world-wide land availability for biofuel production based on low resolution global datasets.”

• cites Cai et al. (2011) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yang et al. (2020) did country scale (USA) analysis to delineate marginal land for bioenergy crop production based on remote sensed data.

“Yang et al. (2020) did country scale (USA) analysis to delineate marginal land for bioenergy crop production based on remote sensed data.”

• cites Yang et al. (2020) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

WBGU defines marginal lands as areas with low agricultural or forestry productivity, such as arid and semi-arid grasslands, desert fringes, and areas with steep ground and structurally weak or erosion prone soils, especially in mountainous regions.

“Wissenschaftlichen Beirats der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen (WBGU) (Schubert et al., 2008) defines marginal lands as areas with low agricultural or forestry productivity, such as arid and semi-arid grasslands, desert fringes, and areas with steep ground and structurally weak or erosion prone soils, especially in mountainous regions.”

• cites Schubert et al., 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sustainable management of ecosystem services may help to mitigate soil degradation while also increasing the production of services for both private landowners and society.

“Sustainable management of ecosystem services may help to mitigate soil degradation while also increasing the production of services for both private landowners and society (Breure et al., 2012).”

• cites Breure et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961) grouped agricultural lands into categories and classes based on their biophysical attributes and characteristics.

“Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961) grouped agricultural lands into categories and classes based on their biophysical attributes and characteristics.”

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Based on biophysical attributes, marginal land in Nebraska is eroded, frequently flooded (>50%), poorly drained (classes 6 and 7), highly sloped (>15°), and low productivity for the main grain crop (nonirrigated corn yields <9 tonnes/ha).

“Based on the biophysical attributes of the land the marginal land is eroded, frequently flooded (> 50%), poorly drained (classes 6 and 7), highly sloped (> 15 • ) and low productivity for the main grain crop (nonirrigated yields of corn <9 tones/ha).”

• cites Gopalakrishnan et al. (2011) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Marginal lands can be characterised with insufficient rainfall, extreme temperatures, poor soil quality, steep terrain, or other agricultural limitation issues.

“Such areas can also be characterised with insufficient rainfall, extreme temperatures, poor soil quality, steep terrain, or other agricultural limitation issues.”

• cites Milbrandt and Overend, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Klingebiel and Montgomery's classification, classes 1 to 4 indicate soils suitable for cultivation of domesticated crops.

“Classes 1 to 4 are also classified according to the crops, and indicate soils that are suitable for the cultivation of domesticated crops.”

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to APEC, marginal lands have a harsh climate, poor physical characteristics, and are difficult to cultivate.

“According to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Working group (APECE-WG, Milbrandt and Overend, 2008), the marginal lands have a harsh climate, poor physical characteristics, and are difficult to cultivate.”

• cites Milbrandt and Overend, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Marginal land also covers formerly productive areas that have lost their yield potential due to human-induced soil degradation, or have been intentionally taken out of production.

“Alternatively, marginal land also covers formerly productive areas that have lost their yield potential due to human-induced soil degradation (e.g., overused, degraded, and thus unproductive land, including both forests, pasture and arable land), or have been intentionally taken out of production.”

• cites Schubert et al., 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Land is being abandoned in Europe, resulting in rural disintegration, as well as the loss of traditional farming methods, farm livelihoods, and tourism.

“Land is being abandoned in Europe, resulting in rural disintegration, as well as the loss of traditional farming methods, farm livelihoods, and tourism.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Approaches to identify and classify marginal lands are manyfold and largely depend on the spatial scale of the assessment and the regional conditions for which the assessment is carried out.

“Approaches to identify and classify marginal lands are manyfold, largely depending on the spatial scale of the assessment and the regional conditions for which the assessment is carried on.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One disadvantageous feature of the soil may make it unusable, necessitating extensive, ameliorating treatment.

“One disadvantageous feature of the soil may make it unusable, necessitating extensive, ameliorating treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Grassland that cannot be used as arable land should be used for grazing, which is the most effective practice on this land use type.

“As in traditional land use systems, grassland that cannot be used as arable land should use for grazing which is the most effective practice on this land use type (Petersen and Snapp, 2015).”

• cites Petersen and Snapp, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An area to be classified may be suitable for one utilisation while unsuitable for another.

“As an area to be classified may be suitable for one utilisation while unsuitable for another, the identification of marginal areas shall be purpose specific.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The list of incentives to bring marginal lands to cultivation for bioenergy include income support, and tradable carbon certificates based on environmental assessment.

“The list of incentives to bring marginal lands to cultivation for bioenergy include income support, and tradable carbon certificates based on environmental assessment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Concepts of marginal land and methods of identification usually follow two distinct approaches for agricultural lands: one based on economic indicators and the other on biophysical conditions.

“Taking all the above considerations into account, concepts of marginal land and methods of identifications usually follow two distinct approaches for agricultural lands.One approach is based on economic indicators, the other is on biophysical conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961) collected 8 indicators to put soils into capability classes.

“Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961) collected 8 indicators to put soils into capability classes (Table 2).”

• cites Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marginalisation is sometimes irreversible.

“Furthermore, marginalisation is a process in time, which is sometime irreversible, while in other cases with the amelioration a previously marginal land can be turned suitable for the objective of the use.”

May combine two claims.

Bioenergy related feedstocks (e.g. corn stover, switchgrass) could be valuable supply for farms to feed livestock, so bioenergy has a double effect in rural development in marginal lands.

“Bioenergy related feedstocks (e.g. corn stover, switchgrass) could be valuable supply for farms to feed livestock, so the bioenergy has a double effect in rural development in marginal lands (Helliwell, 2018;Mooney et al., 2015;Muscat et al., 2022).”

• cites Helliwell, 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Mooney et al., 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Muscat et al., 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In some cases, with amelioration, previously marginal land can be turned suitable for the objective of the use.

“Furthermore, marginalisation is a process in time, which is sometime irreversible, while in other cases with the amelioration a previously marginal land can be turned suitable for the objective of the use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Any unfavourable recurring or permanent soil or landscape feature may limit the land's safe and productive use.

“Any unfavourable recurring or permanent soil or landscape features may limit the land's safe and productive use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to the review of Muscat et al. (2022), main policies and related projects targeting marginal lands in the European Union can be framed to three major areas: sustainable bioenergy, rural development and ecosystem restoration.

“According to the review of Muscat et al. (2022) main policies and related projects targeting marginal lands in the European Union can be framed to three major areas: sustainable bioenergy, rural development and ecosystem restoration.”

• cites Muscat et al. (2022) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Marginal lands which are almost unproductive or highly degraded can be turned into productive land again.

“Marginal lands which are almost unproductive or highly degraded can be turn into productive land again.”

May combine two claims.

The MAGIC project collected and rated the yield ratio of 37 industrial crops under different soil conditions, creating a rich database for choosing crop type according to the marginal land type.

“The MAGIC (Marginal Lands for Growing Industrial Crops) project (MAGIC, 2022) had collected and rated the yield ratio of 37 industrial crop under different soil conditions, creating a rich database for choosing crop type according to the marginal land type.”

• cites MAGIC, 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In mountainous areas, a micro irrigation canal system was established for supplying water to poplar plantations on sloping lands and non-fruit and fruit trees are planted on heavily degraded forest land to protect the land from erosion and further degradation and provide fuelwood for the local community.

“In mountainous areas micro irrigation canal system was established for supplying water to poplar plantations on sloping lands and non-fruit and fruit trees are planted on heavily degraded forest land to protect the land from erosion and further degradation and provide fuelwood for the local community.”

• cites WOCATNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The area is put under quarantine for three years to allow for the pasture to restore sufficiently.

“The area is put under quarantine for three years to allow for the pasture to restore sufficiently.”

• cites WOCATNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marginal land is seen as a way to preserve traditional farming methods and rural landscapes.

“On the other hand, marginal land is seen as a way to preserve traditional farming methods and rural landscapes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several minor undesirable characteristics combined may become a major issue, limiting the use of the soil.

“Several minor undesirable characteristics combined may become a major issue, limiting the use of the soil.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A main element of the utilisation of marginal areas is livestock breeding, which may have significant environmental impact.

“A main element of the utilisation of marginal areas is livestock breeding, which may have significant environmental impact.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Principles of sustainable land management, including profitability and land conservation, apply also to marginal lands which are between prime lands and unproductive lands.

“Principles of sustainable land management, including profitability and land conservation apply also to marginal lands which are between the prime lands (best for food production) and unproductive lands (unsuitable for agricultural production).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Marginal areas generally have low productivity and thus low profitability.

“Because of generally low productivity and thus profitability is expected on marginal areas”

May combine two claims.

Camelina has a wide range of environmental adaptability, low input requirements, pest and disease resistance, and multiple applications in food, feed, and biobased products, and improves biodiversity and soil characteristics.

“It has a wide range of environmental adaptability, low input requirements, pest and disease resistance, and multiple applications in food, feed, and biobased products and improve the biodiversity and soil characteristic (Zanetti et al., 2021).”

• cites Zanetti et al., 2021Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This approach has the potential to strengthen the growing bio-based industry, reduce competition in land use, increase farmer incomes, and increase the value of marginal land.

“This approach has the potential to strengthen the growing bio-based industry, reduce competition in land use, increase farmer incomes, and increase the value of marginal land (Elbersen et al., 2017).”

• cites Elbersen et al., 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In another WOCAT project, degraded pastures are restored with alfalfa through broad seeding method.

“In another project degraded pastures are restored with alfalfa through broad seeding method.”

• cites WOCATNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Perceptions of marginal land are dynamic both in time and space.

“As perceptions of marginal land are dynamic both in time and space, flexible policy and practical solutions are needed for their non-degrading use, which in any case shall support nature-based socioeconomic development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

They also cultivated the slopes with Ferula to protect cropland and grazing land from erosion.

“They also cultivated the slopes with Ferula to protect cropland and grazing land from erosion.”

• cites WOCATNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Lands concerned for bioenergy purposes are usually abandoned land, degraded land, contaminated land, land with economic and biophysical constraints.

“Lands concerned for bioenergy purposes are usually abandoned land, degraded land, contaminated land, land with economic and biophysical constraints.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Marginality is not a permanent state of the land, just a state in between prime land and unproductive land.

“Marginality is not a permanent state of the land, just a state in between prime land and unproductive land (Fig. 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Esch et al. (2021) have done a complex delineation of economically marginal land in Canada, taking into account several types of factors including historical and present economic and population data using a SWOT analysis.

“Esch et al. (2021) have done a complex delineation of economically marginal land in Canada, and took into account several types of factors including historical and present economic and population data using a SWOT analysis.”

• cites Esch et al. (2021)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marginalisation is a process in time.

“Furthermore, marginalisation is a process in time, which is sometime irreversible, while in other cases with the amelioration a previously marginal land can be turned suitable for the objective of the use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Bangladesh, strip tillage wheat cultivation is a climate-smart technology to save water and improve soil health.

“In Bangladesh the strip tillage wheat cultivation is a climate-smart technology to save water and improve soil health.”

• cites WOCATNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Industrial crops can be used to produce high-value-added products and bioenergy.

“Industrial crops can be used to produce high-value-added products and bioenergy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

WOCAT introduces several projects in Afghanistan, for example a plan for rotational grazing, which has been developed to control pasture use and prevent overgrazing of rehabilitated pastures.

“WOCAT also introduces several projects in Afghanistan, for example a plan for rotational grazing, which has been developed to control pasture use and prevent overgrazing of rehabilitated pastures.”

• cites WOCATNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

There are big differences between crops; switchgrass (as other perennial crops) can stabilize carbon dynamics and increase humification, unlike silage maize, which leads to opposite processes.

“There are big differences between the crops, e.g. the switchgrass (as other perennial crops), which can stabilized the carbon dynamics and increase the humification, unlike silage maize, which leads to the opposite processes (Zhu et al., 2018).”

• cites Zhu et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MAGIC project researchers found that Camelina could be a good alternative crop of many marginal lands in Europe.

“For example, MAGIC project researchers found that Camelina could be a good alternative crop of many marginal lands in Europe.”

• cites Zanetti et al., 2021Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These indicators represent biophysical properties which can negatively affect lands and make them marginal lands.

“These indicators represent biophysical properties which can negatively affect lands and make them marginal lands.”

May combine two claims.

Non-appropriate procedures before bioenergy plantation can lead to negative consequences like increased soil erosion and compaction risks, increased nitrogen mineralization and leaching risks, and changes in local biodiversity.

“non-appropriate procedures can lead to many negative consequences like increased soil erosion and compaction risks (Duttmann et al., 2014), increased nitrogen mineralization and leaching risks (Claus et al., 2014;Svoboda et al., 2013), and changes in local bio-diversity (Brandt and Glemnitz, 2014;Csikós and Szilassi, 2020).”

• cites Duttmann et al., 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Claus et al., 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Brandt and Glemnitz, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Thailand, the use of bio-fermentation for the production of organic soil amendments is a successful practice that helps to restore land degraded by intensive use and restore the fertility level.

“For example, in Thailand the use of bio-fermentation for the production of organic soil amendments as an alternative technology is a successful practice that helps to restore land degraded by intensive use and restore the fertility level.”

• cites WOCATNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.