Age-related macular degeneration and the immune response: implications for therapy
Open accessAbstract
Purpose To review the available information concerning the immune mediation of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to speculate on proposed mechanisms and immunotherapy.Design Interpretative essay.Methods Literature review and interpretation.Results An ever-growing body of evidence is gathering concerning the role of the immune system in AMD. Evidence to date suggests that the underlying mechanism leading to AMD is the decline of the ocular downregulatory immune environment. The subsequent activation of the immune system would lead to T-cell sensitization. When combined with local antiangiogenic therapy, several existing immunotherapies may be used to downregulate the immune response, potentially leading to a more efficient inhibition of choroidal neovascularization.Conclusions The loss of the downregulatory immune environment is central to the development of AMD, permitting activation of the immune system. If so, immunotherapy could positively alter the course of the disease.
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The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration is not well known, although theories include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory processes.
“The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration is not well known, although a number of theories have been put forward, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory processes.9–13”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Nussenblatt, R. B., & Ferris, F.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nussenblatt, Robert B.
- Venue
- American Journal of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 618-626.e2
- ISSN
- 0002-9394 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2744410
- OpenAlex
- W2079044795
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 EY999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, immune response, immunotherapy, T cell sensitization, choroidal neovascularization, anti-angiogenic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Immunotherapy, Macular Degeneration, T-Lymphocytes, Autoimmunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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