Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Observational studies have linked lower levels of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with inflammation and depression. This study was designed to determine whether n-3 supplementation would decrease serum cytokine production and depressive symptoms in 138 healthy middle-aged and older adults (average age=51.04, SD=7.76) who were sedentary and overweight (average BMI=30.59, SD=4.50). This three-arm randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind 4-month trial compared responses to (1) 2.5 g/d n-3 PUFAs, or (2) 1.25 g/d n-3 PUFAs, or (3) placebo capsules that mirrored the proportions of fatty acids in the typical American diet. Serum interleukin-6 decreased by 10% and 12% in our low and high dose n-3 groups, respectively, compared to a 36% increase in the placebo group. Similarly, low and high dose n-3 groups showed modest 0.2% and -2.3% changes in serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, compared to a 12% increase in the control group. Depressive symptoms were quite low at baseline and did not change significantly in response to supplementation. Our data suggest that n-3 PUFAs can reduce inflammation in overweight, sedentary middle-aged and older adults, and thus could have broad health benefits. These data provide a window into the ways in which the n-3 PUFAs may impact disease initiation, progression, and resolution. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00385723.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly reduces levels of inflammatory cytokines throughout the body.
“Similarly, consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids has been shown to significantly reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines throughout the body326”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [326]
The Results (§3.5; page unavailable) report significantly different serum IL-6 and TNF-α changes between the omega-3 supplementation groups and placebo. But the study tested specific omega-3 PUFAs in overweight, sedentary middle-aged and older adults; it does not establish that polyunsaturated fatty acids generally reduce cytokines throughout the body. TNF-α was nearly unchanged in the treatment groups, while it rose in the placebo group. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRandomized controlled trials have shown that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation lowers inflammation and may have health-promoting effects.
“various RCTs have shown that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces inflammation142–144 and may thus have health-promoting effects141–144”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [143]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION
Bligh, E. G., & Dyer, W. J. (1959) · Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1139/o59-099 · Cited by 54,751 · see citing works
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234 · see citing works
Everitt, B. S. (2001) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605542-11 · Cited by 6,877 · see citing works
Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease
Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., & Appel, L. J. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000038493.65177.94 · Cited by 3,707 · see citing works
Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6
Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.90100.2007 · Cited by 2,388 · see citing works
Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study.
Weissman, M., Sholomskas, D., Pottenger, M., Prusoff, B., & Locke, B. Z. (1977) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112455 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
(1999) · PubMed · Cited by 2,062 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases
Simopoulos, A. P. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248 · Cited by 2,014 · see citing works
Marchioli, R., Barzi, F., Bomba, E., Chieffo, C., Di Gregorio, D., Di Mascio, R., Franzosi, M. G., Geraci, E., Levantesi, G., Maggioni, A. P., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000014682.14181.f2 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
CHAMPS Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults: outcomes for interventions
Stewart, A. L., Mills, K. M., King, A. C., Haskell, W. L., Gillis, D., & Ritter, P. L. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200107000-00010 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
Wall, R., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., & Stanton, C. (2010) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00287.x · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Measurement Characteristics of the Women’s Health Initiative Food Frequency Questionnaire
Patterson, R. E., Kristal, A. R., Tinker, L. F., Carter, R. A., Bolton, M. P., & Agurs‐Collins, T. (1999) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(98)00055-6 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Inflammatory mediators in the elderly
Krabbe, K. S., Pedersen, M., & Bruunsgaard, H. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.01.009 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Fish consumption and major depression
Hibbeln, J. R. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)79168-6 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Blasbalg, T. L., Hibbeln, J. R., Ramsden, C. E., Majchrzak, S. F., & Rawlings, R. R. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.006643 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Relationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids to circulating inflammatory markers.
Ferrucci, L., Cherubini, A., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Corsi, A., Lauretani, F., Martin, A., Andres-Lacueva, C., Senin, U., & Guralnik, J. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1303 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Inflammatory Disease Processes and Interactions with Nutrition
Calder, P. C., Albers, R., Antoine, J., Blum, S., Bourdet‐Sicard, R., Ferns, G. A., Folkerts, G., Friedmann, P. S., Frost, G. S., Guarner, F., et al. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509377867 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Pischon, T., Hankinson, S. E., Hotamisligil, G. S., Rifai, N., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000079224.46084.c2 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Healthy intakes of n−3 and n–6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity
Hibbeln, J. R., Nieminen, L. R. G., Blasbalg, T. L., Riggs, J. A., & Lands, W. E. M. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1483s · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Yaffe, K. S., Newman, A. B., Simonsick, E. M., Rubin, S. M., Ferrucci, L., Harris, T. B., & Pahor, M. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01811-5 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in patients with depression
Lin, P.-Y., Huang, S.-Y., & Su, K.-P. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.018 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Goldberg, R. J., & Katz, J. D. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.020 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Circadian Interleukin-6 Secretion and Quantity and Depth of Sleep
Vgontzas, A. N., Papanicolaou, D. A., Bixler, E. O., Lotsikas, A., Zachman, K., Kales, A., Prolo, P., Wong, M.-L., Licinio, J., Gold, P. W., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.8.5894 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
An evaluation of three self-report physical activity instruments for older adults
Harada, N. D., Chiu, V. Y., King, A. C., & Stewart, A. L. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200106000-00016 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Taaffe, D. R., Harris, T. B., Ferrucci, L., Rowe, J., & Seeman, T. E. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.12.m709 · Cited by 438 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, the health and aging literatures have focused on serum proinflammatory cytokine levels (Farzaneh-Far et al., 2009; Penninx et al., 2003; Taaffe et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResolvins and protectins in the termination program of acute inflammation
Ariel, A., & Serhan, C. N. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.02.007 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice
Belury, M. A., & Kempa-Steczko, A. (1997) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-997-0025-0 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Self-citationAppleton, K. M., Rogers, P. J., & Ness, A. R. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28313 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.229 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationBouwens, M., van de Rest, O., Dellschaft, N. S., Bromhaar, M. G., de Groot, C. P. G. M., Geleijnse, J. M., Müller, M. M., & Afman, L. A. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27680 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Fatty Acids as Modulators of the Immune Response
Fritsche, K. L. (2006) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092610 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Physical Activity Outcomes of CHAMPS II: A Physical Activity Promotion Program for Older Adults
Stewart, A. L., Verboncoeur, C. J., McLellan, B. Y., Gillis, D., Rush, S., Mills, K. M., King, A. C., Ritter, P. L., Brown, B. W., & Bortz, W. M. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.8.m465 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Shelton, R. C., & Miller, A. H. (2010) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.04.004 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Differential immunomodulation with long-chainn-3 PUFA in health and chronic disease
Sijben, J., & Calder, P. C. (2007) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665107005472 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids: cardiovascular benefits, sources and sustainability
Lee, J. H., O’Keefe, J. H., Lavie, C. J., & Harris, W. S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.188 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Clasey, J. L., Bouchard, C., Teates, C. D., Riblett, J. E., Thorner, M. O., Hartman, M. L., & WELTMAN, A. L. (1999) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00404.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty?
Leaf, A., Jorgensen, M. B., Jacobs, A. K., Cote, G., Schoenfeld, D., Scheer, J. M., Weiner, B. H., Slack, J. D., Kellett, M. A., & Raizner, A. E. (1994) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.90.5.2248 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Porter, K., Beversdorf, D. Q., Lemeshow, S., & Glaser, R. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3180313a45 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationInsulin resistance, inflammation, and serum fatty acid composition
Fernández-Real, J.-M., Broch, M., Vendrell, J., & Ricart, W. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.5.1362 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Farzaneh‐Far, R., Harris, W. S., Garg, S. K., Na, B., & Whooley, M. A. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.12.013 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Kalogeropoulos, N., Panagiotakos, D. B., Pitsavos, C., Chrysohoou, C., Rousinou, G., Toutouza, M., & Stefanadis, C. (2010) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.01.023 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Analysis of Longitudinal Data,
Walters, S. J. (2003) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9884.2003.t01-4-00383_6.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year
BLOK, W. L., DESLYPERE, J. ‐., DEMACKER, P. N. M., VAN DER VEN‐JONGEKRIJG, J., HECTORS, M. P. C., VAN DER MEER, J. W. M., & KATAN, M. B. (1997) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.2240775.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Fish Oil Interaction with Warfarin
Buckley, M. S., Goff, A. D., & Knapp, W. E. (2003) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1d007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Essential fatty acids and mental health
Hallahan, B. P., & Garland, M. R. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.4.275 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and obesity-related disease
Browning, L. M. (2003) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2003252 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Validity of a Modified CHAMPS Physical Activity Questionnaire among African-Americans
Resnicow, K., McCarty, F., Blissett, D., Wang, T., Heitzler, C. D., & Lee, R. E. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000084419.64044.2b · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Comparison of Methylation Methods for the Quantitation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers
Shantha, N. C., Decker, E. A., & Hennig, B. (1993) · Journal of AOAC International · doi:10.1093/jaoac/76.3.644 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Yee, L. D., Lester, J. L., Cole, R. M., Richardson, J., Hsu, J. C., Li, Y., Lehman, A., Belury, M. A., & Clinton, S. K. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.29036 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential role of dietary n−3 fatty acids in the prevention of dementia and macular degeneration
Johnson, E. J., & Schaefer, E. J. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1494s · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Pottala, J. V., Garg, S. K., Cohen, B. E., Whooley, M. A., & Harris, W. S. (2010) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.109.896159 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Influence of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids on plasma markers of inflammation in middle-aged men
Yusof, H. M., Miles, E. A., & Calder, P. C. (2008) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2008.02.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Do Plasma Polyunsaturates Predict Hostility and Depression?
Hibbeln, J. R., Umhau, J. C., George, D. T., & Salem, N. (1997) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059633 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Outcome measures of depression.
Basco, M. R., Krebaum, S. R., & Rush, A. J. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10232-007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Orts, K. A., Sheridan, J. F., Robinson‐Whelen, S., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (1995) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01857893 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of a monthly health review to ascertain illness and injuries.
Jenkins, C. D., Kreger, B. E., Rose, R. M., & Hurst, M. W. (1980) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.70.1.82 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Modulation of immune and inflammatory responses by dietary lipids
Wu, D. (2004) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200402000-00009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Harris, W. S., & Jacobson, T. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141605469-6.50031-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stoll, A. L., Damico, K. E., Daly, B. P., Severus, W. E., & Marangell, L. B. (2000) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059745 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 63 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span
Furman, D., Campisi, J., Verdin, E., Carrera-Bastos, P., Targ, S., Franceschi, C., Ferrucci, L., Gilroy, D. W., Fasano, A., Miller, G. W., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0 · Cited by 4,915 · see citing works
Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies
Li, X., Li, C., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Qian, P., & Huang, H. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01502-8 · Cited by 1,443 · see citing works
Western Diet and the Immune System: An Inflammatory Connection
Christ, A., Lauterbach, M., & Latz, E. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.020 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Inflammation: Depression Fans the Flames and Feasts on the Heat
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Derry, H. M., & Fagundes, C. P. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020152 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Self-citationIddir, M., Alex Brito, O., Dingeo, G., Sosa, S., Samouda, H., Frano, M. R. L., & Bohn, T. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061562 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a bidirectional relationship
Mesinovic, J., Zengin, A., de Courten, B. V., Ebeling, P. R., & Scott, D. S. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s186600 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Grosso, G., Pajak, A., Marventano, S., Castellano, S., Galvano, F., Bucolo, C., Drago, F., & Caraci, F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096905 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses
Radzikowska, U., Rinaldi, A. O., Çelebi Sözener, Z., Karaguzel, D., Wojcik, M., Cypryk, K., Akdis, M., Akdis, C. A., & Sokolowska, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122990 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Targeting inflammation in metabolic syndrome
Welty, F. K., Alfaddagh, A., & Elajami, T. K. (2016) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2015.06.017 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids, oxidative stress, and leukocyte telomere length: A randomized controlled trial
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Epel, E. S., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Lin, J., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B., Hwang, B. S., & Blackburn, E. H. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.004 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, K., Huang, T., Zheng, J., Wu, K., & Li, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088103 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Williams-Bey, Y., Boularan, C., Vural, A., Huang, N.-N., Hwang, I.-Y., Shan-Shi, C., & Kehrl, J. H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097957 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Diet, cognition, and alzheimer’s disease: food for thought
Otaegui-Arrazola, A., Amiano, P., Elbusto, A., Urdaneta, E., & Martínez-Lage, P. (2014) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0561-3 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Inflammation and resolution in obesity
Soták, M., Clark, M., Suur, B. E., & Börgeson, E. (2024) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01047-y · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Functions: A Systematic Review
Dighriri, I. M., Alsubaie, A. M., Hakami, F. N., Hamithi, D., Alshekh, M. M., Khobrani, F. A., Dalak, F. E., Hakami, A. A., Alsueaadi, E. H., Alsaawi, L. S., et al. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.30091 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Efficacy of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of depression
Hallahan, B. P., Ryan, T. J., Hibbeln, J. R., Murray, I. T., Glynn, S., Ramsden, C. E., SanGiovanni, J. P., & Davis, J. M. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160242 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
A review of dietary and microbial connections to depression, anxiety, and stress
Taylor, A. M., & Holscher, H. D. (2018) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2018.1493808 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Fond, G. B., Hamdani, N., Kapczinski, F. P., Boukouaci, W., Drancourt, N., Dargél, A., Oliveira, J., Guen, E. L., Marlinge, E., Tamouza, R., et al. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12211 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Chen, H., Huang, X., Dong, M., Wen, S., Zhou, L., & Yuan, X. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s410834 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Childhood adversity impact on gut microbiota and inflammatory response to stress during pregnancy
Hantsoo, L., Jašarević, E., Criniti, S., McGeehan, B., Tanes, C., Sammel, M. D., Elovitz, M. A., Compher, C., Wu, G., & Epperson, C. N. (2019) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.005 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Resolution of Neuroinflammation
Joffre, C., Rey, C., & Layé, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01022 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Modulation of obesity-induced inflammation by dietary fats: mechanisms and clinical evidence
Teng, K., Chang, C.-Y., Chang, L. F., & Nesaretnam, K. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-12 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Jaremka, L. M., Lindgren, M. E., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22078 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammaging as a target for healthy ageing
Dugan, B., Conway, J., & Duggal, N. A. (2023) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afac328 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Köbe, T., Witte, A. V., Schnelle, A., Lesemann, A., Fabian, S., Tesky, V. A., Pantel, J., & Flöel, A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.050 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Bo, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., You, J., Cui, H., Zhu, Y., Pang, W., Liu, W. Y., Jiang, Y., & Lü, Q. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9010054 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Liu, X., Xue, Y., Liu, C., Lou, Q., Wang, J., Yanagita, T., Xue, C., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-12-109 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Role of fish oil in human health and possible mechanism to reduce the inflammation
Ellulu, M. S., Khaza’ai, H., Abed, Y. A., Rahmat, A. B., Ismail, P., & Ranneh, Y. (2015) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-015-0228-1 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health
Glick, N. R., & Fischer, M. H. (2013) · Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2156587213488788 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Katsimbri, P., Korakas, E., Kountouri, A., Ikonomidis, I., Tsougos, E., Vlachos, D., Papadavid, E., Raptis, A. E., & Lambadiari, V. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10020157 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Ticinesi, A., Meschi, T., Lauretani, F., Felis, G., Franchi, F., Pedrolli, C., Barichella, M., Benati, G., di Nuzzo, S., Ceda, G., et al. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8040186 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Lower subjective social status exaggerates interleukin-6 responses to a laboratory stressor
Derry, H. M., Fagundes, C. P., Andridge, R., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.026 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationHeberlein, A., Käser, M., Lichtinghagen, R., Rhein, M., Lenz, B., Kornhuber, J., Bleich, S., & Hillemacher, T. (2014) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.08.003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Alfano, C. M., Peng, J., Andridge, R., Lindgren, M. E., Povoski, S. P., Lipari, A. M., Agnese, D. M., Farrar, W. B., Yee, L. D., Carson, W. E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.67.1883 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationGupta, C., & Prakash, D. (2014) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects, Mechanisms and Dietary Relevance
Mæhre, H. K., Jensen, I., Elvevoll, E. O., & Eilertsen, K. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms160922636 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Can metabolically healthy obesity be explained by diet, genetics, and inflammation?
Navarro, E., Funtikova, A. N., Fitó, M., & Schröder, H. (2014) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201400521 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Immune-based strategies for mood disorders: facts and challenges
Colpo, G. D., Leboyer, M., Dantzer, R., Trivedi, M. H., & Teixeira, A. L. (2017) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2018.1407242 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Awada, M., Meynier, A., Soulage, C. O., Hadji, L., Géloën, A., Viau, M., Ribourg, L., Benoit, B., Debard, C., Guichardant, M., et al. (2013) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-10-23 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Tan, A., Sullenbarger, B. A., Prakash, R. S., & McDaniel, J. C. (2018) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.010 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Margina, D. M., Ungurianu, A., Purdel, C. N., Nițulescu, G. M., Tsoukalas, D., Sarandi, E., Thanasoula, M., Burykina, T. I., Tekos, F., Djordjević, A. B., et al. (2020) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111558 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Yang, W., Jiang, W., & Guo, S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214671 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Effect of Yoga Practice on Levels of Inflammatory Markers After Moderate and Strenuous Exercise
Vijayaraghava, A. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/12851.6021 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Endothelial Aging Associated with Oxidative Stress Can Be Modulated by a Healthy Mediterranean Diet
Marı́n, C., Yubero‐Serrano, E. M., López‐Miranda, J., & Pérez‐Jiménez, F. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms14058869 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ramos-López, O., Martínez‐Urbistondo, D., Vargas-Núñez, J. A., & Martínez, J. A. (2022) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-022-00490-0 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kelaiditis, C. F., Gibson, E. L., & Dyall, S. C. (2023) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102572 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Jaremka, L. M., Andridge, R., Peng, J., Habash, D., Fagundes, C. P., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Belury, M. A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.018 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationFlaxseed‐Enriched Cereal‐Based Products: A Review of the Impact of Processing Conditions
Mercier, S., Villeneuve, S., Moresoli, C., Mondor, M., Marcos, B., & Power, K. A. (2014) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12075 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Teague, H., Harris, M., Fenton, J. I., Lallemand, P., Shewchuk, B. M., & Shaikh, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m049809 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Nutritional modulation of metabolic inflammation
Kirwan, A. M., Lenighan, Y. M., O'Reilly, M. E., McGillicuddy, F. C., & Roche, H. M. (2017) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20160465 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Shin, D., Lee, K. W., Brann, L. S., Shivappa, N., & Hébert, J. R. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.016 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Patel, A., Rova, U., Christakopoulos, P., & Μάτσακας, Λ. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139691 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Darwesh, A. M., Bassiouni, W., Sosnowski, D. K., & Seubert, J. M. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107703 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Liu, C., Carvalho, A., & McIntyre, R. (2015) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527313666141130204031 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Role of Physical Exercise and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Depressive Illness in the Elderly
Vecchioli, S. F., Sacchetti, S., di Robilant, N. V., & Cutuli, D. (2018) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666170912113852 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ren, Z.-P., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Wei, X., Zeng, S., Zheng, Y., Gao, C., & Liu, H. (2018) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800637 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Dietary patterns and depression risk in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis
Wu, P.-Y., Chen, K., & Belcastro, F. P. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa118 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Belury, M. A., Cole, R. M., Bailey, B. E., Ke, J., Andridge, R., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2016) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500744 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationMadison, A. A., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Renna, M. E., Shrout, M. R., Malarkey, W. B., Lin, J., Epel, E. S., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01077-2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationBrunvoll, S. H., Nygaard, A. B., Ellingjord‐Dale, M., Holland, P., Istre, M. S., Kalleberg, K. T., Søraas, C. L., Holven, K. B., Ulven, S. M., Hjartåker, A., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071245 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Importance of Dietary Changes During the Coronavirus Pandemic: How to Upgrade Your Immune Response
Châari, A., Bendriss, G., Zakaria, D., & McVeigh, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00476 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Omega-6:Omega-3 PUFA Ratio, Pain, Functioning, and Distress in Adults With Knee Pain
Sibille, K. T., King, C. D., Garrett, T. J., Glover, T. L., Zhang, H., Chen, H., Reddy, D., Goodin, B. R., Sotolongo, A. S., Petrov, M. E. R., et al. (2017) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000517 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Szabó, Z., Marosvölgyi, T., Szabó, É., Bai, P., Figler, M., & Verzár, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00752 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Attenuate Brain Alterations in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Model
de Mello, A. H., Schraiber, R. D. B., Goldim, M. P. D. S., Garcez, M. L., Gomes, M. L., Silveira, G. D. B., Zaccaron, R. P., Schuck, P. F., Budni, J., Silveira, P. C. L., et al. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1097-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Li, G., Chen, Z., Bhat, O. M., Zhang, Q., Abais‐Battad, J. M., Conley, S. M., Ritter, J. K., & Li, P. (2017) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m072587 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
HAMMOUDA, S., GHZAIEL, I., KHAMLAOUI, W., HAMMAMI, S., MHENNI, S. Y., SAMET, S., HAMMAMI, M., & ZARROUK, A. (2020) · Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102159 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kalkman, H. O., Hersberger, M., Walitza, S., & Berger, G. E. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094393 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Firouzabadi, F. D., Shab‐Bidar, S., & Jayedi, A. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106100 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gabbay, V., Freed, R. D., Alonso, C. M., Senger, S., Stadterman, J., Davison, B. A., & KLEIN, R. G. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.17m11596 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wilson, S. J., Woody, A., Padin, A. C., Lin, J., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay064 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Influence on Pain via the Immune System
Totsch, S. K., Waite, M. E., & Sorge, R. E. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.013 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Baek, D., & Park, Y. (2013) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2013.09.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Evaluation of the potential antidepressant effects of soybean isoflavones
Messina, M. J., & Gleason, C. E. (2016) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000709 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for major depressive disorder
Su, K., Wang, S., & Pae, C. (2013) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.2013.836487 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dalle, S., Roie, E. V., Hiroux, C., Vanmunster, M., Coudyzer, W., Suhr, F., Bogaerts, S., Thienen, R. V., & Koppo, K. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa309 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ginty, A. T., & Conklin, S. M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.072 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fan, R., Toney, A. M., Jang, Y., Ro, S., & Chung, S. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Feeding the beast: Can microglia in the senescent brain be regulated by diet?
Johnson, R. W. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.022 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fish oil supplementation does not lower C‐reactive protein or interleukin‐6 levels in healthy adults
Muldoon, M. F., Laderian, B., Kuan, D. C.-H., Sereika, S. M., Marsland, A. L., & Manuck, S. B. (2015) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12442 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Patel, A., Rova, U., Christakopoulos, P., & Μάτσακας, Λ. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10050694 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bioactive Lipid Mediators in the Initiation and Resolution of Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury
David, S., & López‐Vales, R. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Acharya, P., & Talahalli, R. R. (2018) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-018-0949-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Singh, J. (2020) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00329-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Watanabe, N., Furukawa, T. A., Horikoshi, M., Katsuki, F., Narisawa, T., Kumachi, M., Oe, Y., Shinmei, I., Noguchi, H., Hamazaki, K., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0554-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lécuyer, L., Laouali, N., Viallon, V., Artaud, F., Hébert, J. R., Shivappa, N., Agudo, A., Tjønneland, A. M., Mellemkjær, L., Kaaks, R., et al. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.05.012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Albert, B. B., Derraik, J. G. B., Brennan, C. M., Biggs, J. B., Garg, M. L., Cameron‐Smith, D., Hofman, P. L., & Cutfield, W. S. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.103028 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pawełczyk, T., Grancow-Grabka, M., Trafalska, E., Szemraj, J., & Pawełczyk, A. M. (2017) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2017.05.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Microglia and modifiable life factors: Potential contributions to cognitive resilience in aging
Duggan, M. R., & Parikh, V. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113207 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mocking, R. J. T., Nap, T. S., Westerink, A. M., Assies, J., Vaz, F. M., Koeter, M. W. J., Ruhé, H. G., & Schene, A. H. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.019 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mohsen, G., Strömer, A., Mayr, A. J., Kirfel, A., Stoppe, C., Wittmann, M., & Velten, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153414 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effects of a Fish Oil Enriched Diet on Murine Brains
Hammamieh, R., Chakraborty, N., Gautam, A., Miller, S., Muhie, S. Y., Meyerhoff, J. L., & Jett, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090425 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prokopiou, E., Kolovos, P., Georgiou, C., Kalogerou, M., Potamiti, L., Sokratous, K., Kyriacou, K. C., & Georgiou, T. (2019) · BMJ Open Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2019-000326 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Telomeres—Are They the Elixir of Youth?
Ogłuszka, M., Lipiński, P., & Starzyński, R. R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14183723 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids moderate effects of physical activity on cognitive function
Leckie, R. L., Manuck, S. B., Bhattacharjee, N., Muldoon, M. F., Flory, J. D., & Erickson, K. I. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.018 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Padin, A. C., Hébert, J. R., Woody, A., Wilson, S. J., Shivappa, N., Belury, M. A., Malarkey, W. B., Sheridan, J. F., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.031 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSharma, R., Diwan, B., Sharma, A., & Witkowski, J. M. (2022) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-022-09995-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Treatment with DHA/EPA ameliorates atopic dermatitis-like skin disease by blocking LTB4 production
Yoshida, S., Yasutomo, K., & Watanabe, T. (2016) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.63.187 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sharma, R., & Padwad, Y. S. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101141 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Omega-3 Supplementation and Loneliness-Related Memory Problems
Jaremka, L. M., Derry, H. M., Bornstein, R. A., Prakash, R. S., Peng, J., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2014) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000104 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Malarkey, W. B., Hwang, B. S., & Glaser, R.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 988-995
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3398219
- OpenAlex
- W2124212092
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 17.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (AG029562, UL1RR025755, CA16058)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary supplementation, inflammation, interleukin-6, TNF-α, depressive symptoms, overweight, sedentary lifestyle, middle-aged and older adults, serum cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Body Weight, Depression, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Health Behavior, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Interleukin-6, Treatment Outcome, Sample Size, Dietary Supplements, Overweight, Waist Circumference, Sedentary Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
